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MD2001 Week 6 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where to endocrine glands secrete hormones?

A

Directly into the blood

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2
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A

Proteins

Steroids

Amino acid/ metabolite derivatives

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3
Q

Where to glands develop from?

A

Epithelial cells

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4
Q

Example of simple tubular gland?

A

intestinal glands of Lieberkühn

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5
Q

Example of simple coiled tubular gland

A

Sweat glands in skin

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6
Q

Example of simple tubular branched gland

A

Glands of the stomach and uterus

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7
Q

Example of simple acinar or alveolar gland

A

Sebaceous gland

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8
Q

What are the four types of exocrine glands?

A

Simple tubular gland

Simple coiled tubular gland

Simple tubular branched gland

Simple acinar or alveolar gland

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9
Q

What is paracrine secretion?

A

Communication over very small distance

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10
Q

Example of paracrine signalling

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Where is paracrine secretion very important?

A

Embryogenesis

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12
Q

What growth factors are involved in embryogenesis?

A

Fibroblast growth factor

Hedgehog family

WnT family

TGF-beta superfamily

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13
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in your body?

A

Pineal

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Thymus

Adrenal

Pancreas

Ovary

Testis

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14
Q

How do steroid and thyroid hormones travel in the blood?

A

Transported by specific carrier and binding proteins

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15
Q

What do specific carrier proteins do for hormones?

A

Improves solubility

Increases half life

Provides a reserve in the blood

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16
Q

Where are hormone receptors found?

A

On the cell membrane for peptide, protein and amino acid derivatives/ catecholamines hormones

Intracellular receptors in the nucleus for steroids and thyroid hormones

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17
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary develop from?

A

Epithelium of the mouth

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18
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary develop from?

A

Downgrowth of the hypothalamus

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19
Q

What is the outcome of an endocrine cascade?

A

Amplification of the signal

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20
Q

Example of an endocrine cascade?

A

Hypothalamus secretes hormones that control the secretion and release of pituitary hormones

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21
Q

What are the two functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls release of anterior pituitary hormones

Secretes hormones that are stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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22
Q

Where is oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone stored?

A

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

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23
Q

What is prolactin controlled by?

A

Hypothalamic inhibiting factor

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24
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland also known as?

A

Adenohypophysis

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25
What six hormones are released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinising hormone Prolactin
26
What is the posterior lobe made from?
Neural tissue
27
What is the posterior lobe also known as?
Neurohypophysis
28
Function of oxytocin
Contraction of myoepithelial cells for lactation Contraction of uterine myometrium during birth
29
Function of ADH
Prevents water dieresis- retaining water volume
30
Function of GH
Increases overall growth
31
Function TSH
Regulates thyroid secretion
32
Function of prolactin
Simulates milk production in females
33
Function of ACTH
Regulates secretion of glucocorticoids formal adrenal glands
34
Function of LH and FSH
Stimulating synthesis of sex steroids
35
Describe the hypothalamo-hypophysis-gonadal axis
Hypothalamus secretes GnRH GnRH stimulates secretion of pituitary FSH FHS stimulates gonads to secrete oestrogen or testosterone
36
Example of negative feedback control
Sex steroids inhibit the release of GnRH in the hypothalamus
37
What is an adenoma?
Benign tumour
38
What effect does an adenoma on endocrine glands
Cause dysregulation of secretion
39
What is acromegaly?
Excessive release of GH
40
What is the symptom of acromegaly pre puberty?
Gigantism
41
What is the symptoms of acromegaly post puberty?
Increased bone mass
42
What is the thyroid gland formed from?
Downgrowth of tongue epithelium
43
What three cells make up the thyroid?
Follicle Follicular cells Colloid
44
What do follicular cells secrete?
Tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine
45
Where are tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine stored?
Colloid (thyroglobulin)
46
What does thyroxin regulate?
Energy use- rate of metabolism Protein and production Regulates sensitivity of cells
47
What produces calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
48
Function of calcitonin?
Regulates calcium homeostasis
49
What can goitres be caused by?
Hyper or hypothyroidism
50
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Staring eyes- eyes move further forward
51
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Lethargic Brittle hair Cretinism
52
Where does the parathyroid glands develop from?
Wall of pharynx
53
What is produced in the parathyroid?
Parathyroid hormone
54
what is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
Regulates calcium homeostasis by stimulating osteoclasts
55
Where are the adrenal glands found?
Superior poles of kidneys
56
What are the two layers of the adrenal glands?
Cortex and medulla
57
What are the three layers of the cortex?
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
58
What hormones are produced in the zona glomerulosa?
Mineralocorticoids e.g aldosterone
59
What hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata?
Glucocorticoids e.g cortisol
60
What hormones are produced in the zona reticularis?
Sex steroids e.g androgens
61
What is the function of aldosterone?
Regulating sodium absorption and secretion in the kidneys
62
What is the function of cortisol?
Regulating metabolism Anti-inflammatory responses
63
What does the adrenal medulla form from?
From the neural crest cells Neuroectoderm
64
What cells are found in the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells which produce catecholamines
65
What are the catecholamines?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine
66
What does the adrenal medulla have direct connection with?
SNS
67
What is Cuhing's syndrome caused by?
Increased cortisol release causing laying down of more fat
68
What hormone does the GI tract secrete?
Gastrin
69
What hormone does the kidney produce?
Renin
70
What hormone does the ovaries produce?
Oestradiol and progesterone

MD2001 Week 6 (7 decks)

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