Introduction to Molecular Biology

Question 1

How do we get from DNA to RNA?

Answer 1

Transcription

Question 2

How do we get from RNA to a protein?

Answer 2

Translation

Question 3

How do we get from RNA to DNA?

Answer 3

Reverse transcription

Question 4

What is RNA?

Answer 4

Ribonucleic acid

Question 5

What is DNA?

Answer 5

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 6

What is the main structural difference between RNA and DNA?

Answer 6

Missing hydroxide group on carbon number 2 in DNA

Question 7

How to multiple bases connect to each other?

Answer 7

Between 5’ and 3’ through the hydroxyl groups and a phosphate

Question 8

What are the two different forms of bases?

Answer 8

Purines

Pyrimidines

Question 9

What bases are purines and pyrimidines?

Answer 9

Purines- Adenine and Thymine

Pyrimidines- Guanine and Cytosine

Question 10

What is other difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 10

Two stranded vs one stranded

Thymine instead of Uracil

Question 11

How many bonds are there between an Adenine and Thymine?

Answer 11

2

Question 12

How many bonds are there between Guanine and Cytosine?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

Answer 13

Hydrogen

Question 14

What shape is DNA?

Answer 14

Double helix

Question 15

What are major and minor grooves in DNA?

Answer 15

Base pairs are more revealed in major groups

Question 16

What is B-helix?

Answer 16

Right handed turns

Question 17

What direction is DNA?

Answer 17

Anti-parallel

Question 18

How do we distinguish between chromosomes?

Answer 18

Size and G-bindings

Question 19

How are chromosomes organised in the nucleus?

Answer 19

Occupying different areas

Question 20

What are telomeres?

Answer 20

The end portion of DNA

Question 21

What are centromeres?

Answer 21

Two chromatids are attached

Question 22

What is DNA wrapped around?

Answer 22

Histone proteins

Question 23

What is a nucleosome?

Answer 23

147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around histone proteins with 1.7 left handed turns

Question 24

How does DNA bind to histone

Answer 24

Electrostatic attraction between negative DNA and positive histone

Question 25

What is the distinctive feature of histone?

Answer 25

Long N-termini

Question 26

What is the function of the histone H1 protein?

Answer 26

Directing the DNA in what way to wrap around nucleosome

Question 27

What process is used to decondense chromatin?

Answer 27

Nucleosome sliding

Question 28

How many base pairs are there?

Answer 28

3 billion base pairs

Question 29

What is the structure of the telomere and centromere?

Answer 29

Heterochromatin

Question 30

What is DNA called when it is relaxed?

Answer 30

Euchromatin

Question 31

What are SINE and LINE?

Answer 31

Short/long interspersed nuclear elements

Question 32

What are tandem repeats?

Answer 32

Repeats in DNA Small chain but repeated more often in a shorter length

Question 33

What are the length of minisatellites?

Answer 33

7-100 base repeated up 40,000

Question 34

What are the length of microsatellites?

Answer 34

1-6 bases repeated greater than 100 bases

Question 35

What is the usefulness of repetitive DNA?

Answer 35

In forensics and genetics

Question 36

What is myotonic dystrophy caused by?

Answer 36

Repeated genes throughout the genome Passing between generations can cause expansions of repeated genes and therefore worsening symptoms