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MD2001 Week 6 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What is each teste surrounded by?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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2
Q

Where does the sperm pass?

A

Passes from tubules to the epididymis

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3
Q

What is the scrotum made from?

A

Rugose and contains smooth muscle

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4
Q

What divides the two sides of the scrotum?

A

Midline raphne made from septum

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5
Q

Where do the ovaries lie?

A

Lateral pelvic wall

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6
Q

Where does the ovary ovulate into?

A

Peritoneal cavity where the ovum is picked up by the fimbriated end of the uterine tube

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7
Q

What is the uterus held in place?

A

Fascial thickenings and uterine ligaments

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8
Q

What is the function of gonads?

A

Production of “seed” cells

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9
Q

What are gonadal hormones involved in?

A

Gamete production

Supporting conception

Pregnancy

Lactation

Affect bone, muscle and blood vessels

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10
Q

What process are used to produce eggs and sperm?

A

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

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11
Q

What are the hormones associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

Hypothalamic signalling hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Pituitary hormones

Luteinising hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

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12
Q

What do the hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis target in males and females?

A

Ovaries to produce progesterone and oestradiol

Testis to produce testosterone from Leydig cells

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13
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogens and progestins

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14
Q

What does the multi-tiered endocrine axis feedback allow?

A

Good control of hormone secretion

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15
Q

What are the main hypothalamic areas involved in ovarian control?

A

Preoptic nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus

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16
Q

Describe the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus?

A

Produced as prohormone

Then modified to an active from

It is then secreted into the hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

What kind of release is GnRH?

A

Pulsatile- requires low energy

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18
Q

Where is GnRH delivered to?

A

Delivered via the hypophyseal portal circulation to anterior pituitary gonadotrobes

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19
Q

After the GnRH has reached the gonadotrobes, what do they secrete?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinising hormone

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20
Q

What is the function of a ovarian follicle?

A

Production of eggs and to release hormones

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21
Q

What are the four stages of development of ovaries?

A

Primordial

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Graafian follicles

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22
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the ovaries?

A

By using theca and granulosa cells, produce and secrete oestradiol

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23
Q

What is the function of the hormone oestradiol?

A

Regulating menstrual cycle

Development of breasts

Widening of hips

Layering of fat

Development and maintenance of mammary glands, uterus and vagina

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24
Q

Where are theca cells found?

A

Superficial layer of follice

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25
What is the function of theca cells in ovaries?
Once LH binds to its receptor; Convert cholesterol into pregnenolone Then produce androstenedione and testosterone
26
Where are the granulosa cells?
Deep compared to theca cells
27
What receptors does granulosa cells have?
LH and FSH
28
What is the function of granulosa cells?
Convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and activate aromatase
29
What is the function of aromatase?
Produce oestrogens Facilitates formation of oestradiol
30
When does oogenesis begin?
Begins in foetal stage of females
31
When do woman reach their max oocyte number?
Around 20 weeks since gestation
32
What are the three main oestrogens?
Oestradiol Oestrone Oestriol
33
What is the effect of oestrogens on bone?
Increase growth
34
What is the effect of oestrogens on endocrine?
increase progesterone responses
35
What is the function of progesterone?
Regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus
36
What is the effect of oestrogens on the liver?
Increase clotting factors Increase steroid-binding proteins Increase HDL Decrease total cholesterol and LDL
37
What is the function of oestrogens on the reproductive organs?
Increase of; Uterine growth Vaginal and fallopian tube growth Breast growth Cervical mucus secretion LH receptors on granulosa cells
38
What causes a positive feedback loop between the ovaries and the anterior pituitary gonadotrophs?
Activins
39
What causes a negative feedback loop between the ovaries and the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gonadotrophs?
Oestrogens Progestins Inhibins
40
When do oestrogens and progestins do not provide a negative feedback loop?
When ovulation needs to occur
41
Describe the process of oestrogens and progestins switching to a positive feedback loop
Increased upregulation of receptors when oestrogen levels are increased Results in LH and FSH surge
42
Where are progestins produced?
Theca and granulose
43
What is the effect of progestin on breast tissue?
Increase in lobular development and endometrial secretions Decrease in milk production and endometrial growth Mucosal secretions become thicker
44
What is the effect of progestin on temperature?
Increase in internal temperature
45
What is progestin secretion regulated by?
Oestrogen secretion
46
What are the two components of the menstrual cycle?
Ovarian cycle and endometrial cycle
47
In the 28 day ovule cycle, when does ovulation occur?
Day 14
48
What are the two stages of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase and luteal phase
49
What happens in the follicular phase?
Development of follicles and secondary oocyte
50
What happens in the luteal phase?
The corpus luteum is formed through the granulosum and theca cells Corpus luteum synthesizes and secretes oestrogen and progesterone which is needed for implantation and maintenance of any fertilised oocytes Corpus luteum regresses in 10-12 days
51
What are the different stages of the endometrial cycle?
Menstrual phase Proliferation phase Secretion phase
52
What happens in the menstruation phase?
Endometrial lining is replaced through; Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries Local ischaemic injury Inflammatory cell infiltration
53
What happens in the proliferative phase?
Endometrial growth mediated by increased oestrogens Blood vessel and gland growth occur
54
What happens in secretory phase?
Maturation of endometrium due to decreasing oestrogens Mucus glands more fully develop Glands and blood vessels increase surface area
55
What is lactation?
Milk production and secretion
56
What develops breast tissue?
Female gonadal hormones Oestrogens Progestins hCG from foetus Prolactin
57
What is milk production mediated by?
Prolactin
58
What mediates the release of milk?
Oxytocin
59
What are the two types of cells in the testis?
Leydig cells Sertoli cells
60
What is the function of Leydig cells?
Produce testosterone
61
What happens when testosterone enters the Sertoli cell?
Stimulates FSH causing the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm Produces aromatase which then produces Oestradiol which regulates protein synthesis in the Leydig cell
62
What are the different stages of spermatogenesis and how many chromosomes do they have in each stage?
Spermatogonia Primary spermatocytes- 1x46 Secondary spermatocytes- 2x23 Spermatids Spermatozoa
63
What regulates spermatogenesis?
Testosterone
64
What effect does testosterone have on bone?
Increase growth of bone and connective tissue
65
What effect does testosterone have on muscle?
Increase growth of muscle and connective tissue
66
What effect does testosterone have on the reproductive organs?
Increase growth and development of testes, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis Increase growth of facial, axillary and pubic hair Increase growth of larynx Increase spermatogenesis
67
What effect does testosterone have on skin?
Increase of sebaceous gland size and secretions
68
Describe the negative feedback loop from the testes to either the anterior pituitary gonadotropes or the hypothalamus?
Testosterone negative to the APG and hypothalamus Inhibin negative to the APG

MD2001 Week 6 (7 decks)

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