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2019 - Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

keep a constant internal environment in the body

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

glands that release secretions directly into the bloodstream which transports it to the target organs so it can perform its function

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3
Q

exocrine gland

A

glands that release their secretions via ducts to a body cavity or the outside
eg.) saliva

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4
Q

hormones

A
  • organic compounds which are chemical messengers

- some are proteins, some are steroids

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5
Q

which gland secretes hormones

A

endocrine gland

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6
Q

negative feedback

A
  • regulates the secretion of hormone by stimulating or inhibiting
  • caused by a deviation from normal levels
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7
Q

relationship between hypophysis and hypothalamus

A
  • connected via neurons and posterior lobe
  • thalamus produces hormones which are stored in physis
  • thalamus controls physis by secreting releasing factors which stimulate physis to produce +/ release hormones
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8
Q

hypophysis location

A
  • fits into small bony cavity in cranium

- attached to thalamus by a small stork

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9
Q

two lobes of hypophysis

A

anterior and posterior lobe

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10
Q

hormones in anterior lobe

A 
TSH
STH (growth hormone)
FSH
LH
Prolactin
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11
Q

STH

A

growth hormone
promotes growth of the skeleton and muscles by stimulating protein synthesis
undersecretion = dwarfism
oversecretion = gigantism

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12
Q

hypo/hypersecretion

A 
hyper = over
hypo = under
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13
Q

FSH

A

stimulates follicle development in the female ovary / produces sperm cells

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14
Q

LH

A
  • stimulates female ovulation

- stimulated cells to produce testosterone

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15
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates mammary glands to produce breast milk

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16
Q

hormones of posterior lobe

A

ADH

thyroxin

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17
Q

ADH

A
  • produced by hypothalamus
  • when water level DEC, ADH release INC
  • osmoreceptors detect change
18
Q

ADH function

A

controls the reabsorption of water by making renal tubule walls more permeable to water

19
Q

thyroid consists of…

A

two lobes between the larynx and trachea

20
Q

thyroxin function

A

increases basal metabolic rate
increases breathing/heart rate
essential for functioning of nervous system

21
Q

thyroid disorders

A

oversecretion = increased metabolic rate, weight loss, increased heart rate

undersecretion = leads to cretinism in children

22
Q

how is thyroxin levels in the blood controlled

A

kept constant by a negative feedback mechanism between hypophysis and thyroid

23
Q

process of thyroxin negative feedback

A

as soon as levels drop, hypophysis secretes more TSH increasing the level of thyroxin being secreted. when levels rise above normal, TSH secretion is inhibited

24
Q

TSH

A

stimulates the thyroid to secrete more thyroxin

25
Q

cells the pancreas is made up of…

A

exocrine pancreatic

endocrine islets of Langerhans

26
Q

pancreatic cells

A

secrete pancreatic juice into the pancreatic duct to aid chemical digestion

27
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

28
Q

insulin

A

decreases the glucose level

produced by beta cells

29
Q

glucagon

A

increases glucose level

produced by alpha cells

30
Q

process of glucose levels changing

A 
normal level
level changes
islets detect the change, hormone secreted
stimulates conversion/absorption
glucose is added/removed from blood
normal
31
Q

diabetes mellitus

A
  • disease characterized by high glucose levels in blood

- no cure

32
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A

frequent urination
++ hunger
++ thirst
weight loss

33
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

the loss of beta cells in the pancreas, less insulin produced
- special diets, injections

34
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin is produced but the body cannot use it effectively

  • obesity, age
  • medication + exercise
35
Q

adrenal glands structure

A

located at the top of each kidney; has an outer cortex and inner medulla

36
Q

hormones of adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone = regulates amount of sodium in the body

= increases sodium absorption

37
Q

hormones of adrenal medulla

A

adrenalin = secreted during stressful situations / fight or flight hormone
= prepares the body for action in emergencies

38
Q

effects of adrenalin on body

A
  • accelerates/strengthens heart rate
  • inc blood pressure
  • inc rate and depth of breathing
  • dilates pupil
  • inc sweat productionq
39
Q

gonads

A

ovaries in women (in scrotum)

testes in men (on either side of uterus)

40
Q

testosterone

A
  • secreted by Leydig cells
  • resp for 2ndary male characteristics
  • helps w the development of sex organs
  • helps w maturation + quality of sperm
41
Q

oestrogen

A
  • secreted by developing follicles
  • resp for 2ndary female characteristics
  • helps w development of sex organs
  • inhibits secretion of FSH

2019 - Biology (13 decks)

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