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2019 - Biology > GENETICS > Flashcards

GENETICS Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

GENETICS

A

the study of heredity and variation in living organisms

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2
Q

HOW HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTICS ARE TRANSFERRED

A

by gametes through the fusion of the male and female gametes

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3
Q

GENOME

A

the complete set of genes of a particular organism / it is a copy of all the essential DNA coding required to synthesize all the proteins the organism needs

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4
Q

MENDEL’S LAW OF DOMINANCE

A

if two alleles are different, only the dominant one will be expressed

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5
Q

GENOTYPE

A

the composition of the gene pair for a specific trait

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6
Q

PHENOTYPE

A

the observable physical characteristic

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7
Q

HOMOZYGOUS

A

when the two alleles are the same (TT, tt)

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8
Q

HETEROZYGOUS

A

when the two alleles are diff (Tt)

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9
Q

MENDEL’S LAW OF SEGREGATION

A

during meiosis, homologous chromsomes pairs seperate. thus each gamete that is produced receives only one allele of a gene pair.

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10
Q

MONOHYBRID CROSSES

A

a cross where only one hereditary characteristic is investigated at a time

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11
Q

P1 GENERATION

A

the two parents that are originally crossed

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12
Q

WHEN DO THE TWO CHROMOSOMES OF THE HOM PAIR SEPERATE

A

during Anaphse I

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13
Q

F1 GENERATION

A

the first gen offspring

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14
Q

COMPLETE DOMINANCE

A

when only the dominant allele is observed

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15
Q

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

A

when two homo individuals are crossed and the offspring’s phenotype expresses an intermediate form of the two rents’ characteristics (neither allele is dominant)
(diff letters are used for each charact)

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16
Q

CO-DOMINANCE

A

when both characteristics are visible when both alleles of the gene pair are equally dominant

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17
Q

BLOOD GROUPS

A

A - IᴬIᴬ or Iᴬi
B - IᴮIᴮ or Iᴮi
AB - IᴬIᴮ
O - ii

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18
Q

DIHYBRID CROSSES

A

where two pairs of contrasting characteristics, carried on diff homologous pairs, are crossed

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19
Q

MENDEL’S LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

A

The alleles of different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

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20
Q

AUTOSOMES

A

the 22 chromosome pairs with similar shape of the 23 that humans have

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21
Q

GONOSOMES

A

aka sex chromosomes

are the 23rd pair which is responsible for sex determination

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22
Q

SEX CHROMOSOMES

A

XX - female

XY - male

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23
Q

SEX-LINKED GENES

A

X chromosome, which is larger and can carry many other genes

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24
Q

MUTATIONS

A

a change in the genetic composition of an organism

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25
GENE MUTATIONS
this occurs as a result in a change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA molecule
26
WHEN DO GENE MUT OCCUR
- DNA replication - transcription of DNA to mRNA - crossing over during Metaphase I
27
TYPES OF GENE MUTATIONS
- substitution - inversion - deletion - insertion
28
SUBSTITUTION
a gene mutation where one nit base is replaced by another (only one amino acid is altered)
29
INVERSION
a gene mutation where one or more base triplets are inverted
30
DELETION
a gene mutation where one or more nit bases are lost and may result in a frame shift. after this all the base triplets are altered
31
INSERTION
a gene mutation where one or more nit bases are inserted as a result of a frame shift
32
HARMLESS GENE MUTATIONS
mutations in the non-coding DNA and do not affect the synthesis of proteins; may be passed on to future generations
33
HARMFUL GENE MUTATIONS
cause genetic disorders and are autosomal recessive | eg.) albinism, sickle cell anaemia
34
GENETIC PEDIGREES/LINEAGES
the inheritance of characteristics in families over several gens
35
HAEMOPHILIA
blood does not clot | Sufferers can bleed to death if injured
36
COLOR BLINDLESS
Sufferers cannot distinguish colours properly | E.g. red from green, blue from yellow
37
DNA TESTING
the process whereby medical tests are used to identify changes in chromo and genes / trace changes associated w hereditary disorders
38
GENETIC COUNSELLING
takes place after genetic testing has confirmed the occurrence or risk of a genetic disorder
39
mtDNA
- occurs in the mitochondria and is circle | - much shorter than chromosomal DNA
40
GENETIC ENGINEERING
- the direct manipulation of genes in an organism to obtain a desired characteristic - can also replace faulty or missing genes that cause issues
41
TRANSGENIC ORGANISM
the organism receiving the gene
42
GMOs
- genetically modified organisms | - utilized in a variety of human activities to improve quality of life or productivity
43
IMPORTANCE OF GMOs and GEN ENG
plays a role in: - synthesis of medical drugs - cloning - stem cell research - insulin production in medicine - vaccine production
44
ADV OF GMOS
- larger better yields and stronger crops - cheaper for farmers - inc shelf life
45
DISADV OF GMOS
- can cause allergies in humans - decreases biodiversity - can become unaffordably expensive
46
BIOTECHNOLOGY
a field of study that uses living organisms and their biological processes to develop technology eg.) producing vaccines, biofuels, antibiotics, improving crop productivity
47
CLONING
the process in which a genetically identical replica of something is created
48
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
the technique used to produce an animal w the same DNA as another animal
49
STEM CELL RESEARCH
studies which help to find a better quality of life to people with brain or spinal injuries
50
STEM CELLS
- simple, undifferentiated somatic cells - not specialized - come from inner cell mass of embryo, foetus from terminated pregnancy
51
USE OF STEM CELLS
treating spinal injuries | replacing damaged tissues
52
ADULT STEM CELLS
differentiate to replace and repaired damaged or diseased tissue of the same type
53
HOW ADULT STEM CELLS ARE OBTAINED
obtained from bone marrow, brain, blood
54
MULTIPOTENT CELLS
differentiate into a limited number of related tissues
55
THREE TYPES OF CLONING
DNA, reprodcutive, therapeutic
56
DNA CLONING
transfer of a DNA segment fromone organism to a self-replicating structure
57
THERAPEUTIC CLOTHING
embryo cloning | produced for research purposes
58
viewpoints against cloning
unnatural decreases genetic variation harmful genes may be transferred to other gens
59
viewpoints for cloning
- may provide hope for couples who can't have children - may eliminate diseases - imp food prod
60
VECTOR
an organism that transfers something
61
RECOMBINANT DNA
the formation of a new DNA sequence in the recipient cell
62
ALLELES
alternative forms of the same gene
63
multiple alleles
when a gene has more than two possible alleles to control a hereditary characteristic
64
polygenic characteristics
a hereditary characteristic controlled by more than one gene pair at different loci

2019 - Biology (13 decks)

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