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Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis

A

hypothalamus controls pituitary axis through pancreatic release of hormones
acts through negative feedback

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2
Q

anterior pituitary

A

connected to the hypothalamus through hypopophyseal portal system (blood vessel system)

Hormones: FLAT PEG

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3
Q

gonadotrophin releasing hormone stimulates

A

GnRH –> FSH and LH
follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone

acts on gonads

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4
Q

Corticotrophin-releasing factor stimulates

A

CRF –> ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone

acts on adrenal cortex

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5
Q

adrenal cortex

A

created by mesoderm
outer region of the adrenals (located on the kidneys)

3 S’s (salt, sugar, and sex)
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones

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6
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

released by adrenal cortex
regulate glucose levels through release of cortisol and cortisone which raise blood glucose

CRH –> ACTH –> glucocorticoids

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7
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

released by adrenal cortex

use salt and water homeostasis
aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption into collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules

works under regulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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8
Q

Cortical Sex Hormones

A

released by adrenal cortex

androgen and estrogen

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9
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine which are fight-or-flight reactions of SNS

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10
Q

epinephrine

A

released by adrenal medulla

induces glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen --> glucose)
dilates bronchi, decreases blood flow to gut, kidneys, and skin
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11
Q

Norepinephrine

A

released by adrenal medulla

constricts blood vessels

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12
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone stimulates

A

TRH –> TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone

acts on thyroid

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13
Q

Thyroid

A

controlled by TSH in anterior pituitary
sets basal metabolic rate and promotes calcium homeostasis

releases T3 and T4 and calcitonin
- increase cellular respiration by increasing protein and fatty acid turnover

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14
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

too little thyroid

lethargy, decreased body temperature, slowed respiratory and heart rate, cold intolerant, weight gain

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15
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

too much thyroid

heightened activity, increased body temperature, increased respiratory and heart rate, heat intolerant, weight loss

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16
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases calcium levels by increasing calcium excretion from kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption from gut, or increasing storage of calcium in bones

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17
Q

Prolactin inhibiting factor stimulates

A

PIF —| prolactin secretion

prolactin stimulates milk production
will have high levels of estrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

what happens when a baby latches onto a mother’s breast?

A

the hypothalamus will stop releasing PIF to the anterior pituitary so that prolactin can be released

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19
Q

Endorphins stimulate

A

decreased perception of pain

they are released by the anterior pituitary

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20
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates

A

GHRH stimulates growth hormone (GH)

promotes growth of bones and muscle
requires lots of glucose

21
Q

what happens with excess growth hormone

A

gigantism

22
Q

what happens with too little growth hormone

A

dwarfism

23
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons down pituitary stalk directly

no hormones are actually synthesized in posterior pituitary

release oxytocin and ADH

24
Q

oxytocin

A

released by posterior pituitary

stimulates uterine contraction, milk letdown (stimulated by pressure against cervix during childbirth)
has a postive feedback loop

25
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH aka vasopressin
increases reabsorption of water in collecting ducts of kidneys
responds to low blood pressure and stretch of baroreceptors

26
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

produced by parathyroid glands
antagonist to calcitonin by increasing calcium levels
activates vitamin D –> releases calcium and phosphate from bones

27
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

28
Q

autocrine

A

signals act on the same cell that secreted the signal

29
Q

paracrine

A

signals act on cells in the local area

30
Q

juxtacrine

A

signals do not involve diffusion but involve a cell directly stimulating receptors of an adjacent cell

31
Q

endocrine

A

signals involve secreting hormones that travel through the bloodstream to distant target tissues

32
Q

water-soluble hormones

A

hydrophilic
generally bind to cell surface receptors and initiate a secondary messenger cascade which leads to changes in protein activity

33
Q

water-insoluble hormones

A

hydrophobic
generally diffuse across the lipid bilayer of plasma membrane and bind to cytosolic receptors to ultimately regulate gene expression in the nucleus

34
Q

glucocorticoids

A

released by adrenal cortex

promote gluconeogensis
increase blood glucose levels
inhibit the immune system
promote lipolysis

35
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

released by adrenal cortex

aka aldosterone
increases reabsorption of sodium and water into kidneys to increase blood volume and blood pressure

36
Q

norepinephrine/epinephrine

A

catecholamines
increase Heart Rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate

dilate bronchioles, increase blood flow to essential areas for survival (heart, skeletal muscle, brain)

decrease blood flow to non-essential functions, conserve oxygen and nutrients for organs

37
Q

peptide hormones

A

derived from larger polypeptides which are cleaved, and the smaller units transported to golgi to be further modified and transported to different parts of cell

charged so cannot enter cell; use secondary message cascades

considered first messenger

fast acting, short lived
water-soluble, can travel freely in bloodstream

38
Q

secondary messengers

A

cAMP
Ca2+
IP3

39
Q

GPCR activation of PKC

A
  1. messenger binds to GPCR, GDP –> GTP
  2. alpha portion separates and activates phospholipase C
  3. PLC causes PIP2 to dissociate into DAG and IP3
  4. IP3 binds to calcium channel and releases Ca2+
  5. calcium and DAG bind to PKC to activate
  6. PKC goes down signaling cascade and phosphorylates other proteins
40
Q

GPCR activation of PKA

A

messenger binds to GPCR, causes GDP to be exchanged with GTP
alpha subunit dissociates from beta and gamma
goes to activate adenylyl cylase which cleaves ATP –> cAMP

cAMP can go bind to regulatory region of PKA and release catalytic portions of PKA

41
Q

What does the catalytic portion of PKA do?

A

phosphorylates different molecules

42
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid soluble -> require protein carriers to move through bloodstream
slow acting, long lasting
derived from cholesterol
can easily cross membrane and enter cell –> receptors intracellular or intranuclear (first messenger)

name of hormones usually end in -one, -ol, -oid

generated in the smooth ER

ex: testosterone, cortisol, glucocorticoids

43
Q

peptide hormones

A

ex: insulin and glucagon; all hormones released by pituitary, PTH

composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds made in the RER

charged so hydrophilic (water loving)
can dissolve in bloodstream but cannot cross hydrophobic lipid bilayer

acts as first messengers that must bind extracellular receptors to induce signaling cascade via activation of intracellular secondary messengers

44
Q

tyrosine derivatives

A

derived from tyrosine

can function as steroid hormones (T3 and T4) or peptide hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

45
Q

leptin

A

released by white adipose tissue to trigger feelings of satiety in energy-rich state
communicated to the hypothalamus that the stomach is full, thereby to suppress appetite

46
Q

ghrelin

A

released by stomach acid gastric cells to trigger hunger and food seeking behavior via the hypothalamus

my tummy GROWLING because of GHRELIN

47
Q

GLUT4 transporters

A

insulin will increase the number of plasma membrane GLUT 4 transporters that are found in adipose and muscle tissue

transporter is saturated when blood glucose levels are just a bit higher than normal so we need to upregulate them when have excess blood glucose levels

48
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System

A

drop in blood pressure results in release of renin from the kidneys which combines with angiotensinogen from the liver to make angiotensin I

angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction of blood vessels and also release of aldosterone from the kidneys which stimulate reabsorption of salt and water

Biology (15 decks)

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