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ANAPHY > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE HORMONES INVOLVED > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE HORMONES INVOLVED Flashcards

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1
Q

Secrete minute amounts of chemical
messenger/hormones cells

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

Classes of chemical messengers:
- Released by cells, have local
effect. Ex: eicosanoids

A

Autocrine

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3
Q

Classes of chemical messengers:
Released by cells, affect other
cell types. Ex: somatostatin

A

Paracrine

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4
Q

Classes of chemical messengers:
Secreted by nerve cells. Ex:
Nervous system function

A

Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulators

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5
Q

Classes of chemical messengers:
Secreted into blood, bind to
receptors to target tissues. Ex:
epinephrine and insulin

A

Hormones and Neurohormones

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6
Q

Endocrine system functions:

A
  • regulation of metabolism
  • control of food intake
  • regulation of ion levels
  • control of water balance
  • modulation of immune system function
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7
Q

A type of hormone, includes proteins,
peptides, amino acids, most common
type. Ex: GH, ADH, prolactin

A

Water-soluble hormones

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8
Q

A type of hormone, includes steroids
and eicosanoids. Ex: LH, androgens

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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9
Q

Can directly stimulate the release of
some hormones

A

Blood-borne chemicals

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10
Q

These chemicals are also referred to as_,
as they circulate in the blood

A

Humoral stimuli

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11
Q

Refers to body fluids, including blood

A

Humoral

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12
Q

Hormone release can also be under

A

Neural control

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13
Q

Release neurotransmitter into the
synapse with the cells, produce
hormone

A

Neurons

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14
Q

Can also be controlled by other
hormones

A

Hormone release

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15
Q

When a hormone is secreted, it also
stimulates the secretion of

A

Other hormones

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16
Q

Can stimulate or inhibit the hormone release

A
  • 3 types of stimuli (humoral, neural, and hormonal)
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17
Q

Involves the actions of companion
hormones, each companion performs
opposite function

A

Humoral inhibition (of hormone
release)

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18
Q

To raise BP, the adrenal cortex secretes
aldosterone in response to low BP

A

Humoral inhibition example

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19
Q

Inhibit targets just as often as they
stimulate targets

A

Neurons

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20
Q

If the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the
target endocrine gland

A

doesn’t secrete its hormone

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21
Q

Some hormones are inhibitory
hormones, to reduce the release of

A

Hormones being controlled

(Ex: thyroid hormones can control their
own blood levels, by inhibiting the
anterior pituitary tropic hormone)

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22
Q

The hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself, once the blood levels have reached a certain point, Most common

A

Negative-feedback mechanism

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23
Q

Some hormones, exemplified by tropic
hormone action

A

Positive-feedback mechanism

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24
Q

A hormone can stimulate only the cells
that have the

A

Receptor for that hormone

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25
The portion of each receptor molecule where the hormone binds
Receptor site
26
The receptor site allows how many hormone to bind it?
Only one
27
Some hormones, can bind to a “family” of receptors that are structurally similar
Epinephrine
28
Bind to nuclear receptors due to the solubility and small molecular size, can easily pass through the cell membrane
Lipid-soluble hormones
29
Bind to membrane-bound receptors, are polar molecules and cannot pass through the cell membrane
Water-soluble hormones
30
Small gland in brain, controlled by hypothalamus, divided into anterior and posterior, secretes at least 6 hormones
Pituitary gland
31
Synthesizes hormones under the control of hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
32
Neurons of hypothalamus secretes _, can stimulate the production and secretion of a specific hormone
Releasing hormones
33
Decrease the secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormone
Inhibiting hormones
34
Stores and releases hormone produced by neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary gland
35
2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland
- ADH/Antidiuretic hormone - Oxytocin
36
Anterior pituitary hormones:
- GH/ Growth hormone - TSH/ Thyroid stimulating hormone - LH/ luteinizing hormone - FSH/ Follicle stimulating hormone (Gonadotropin hormone) - Prolactin -MSH/ Melanocyte stimulating hormone - ACTH/ Adrenocorticotropic hormone
37
Target tissues: most tissues, stimulated growth of bones, organs
- Growth hormone - Too much GH causes giantism - Too little GH causes dwarfism
38
Target tissue: thyroid gland, for secretions of thyroid gland
- TSH - Too much TSH causes goiter - Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
39
Target tissue: ovaries, promotes ovulation and progesterone
LH for females
40
Target tissue: testes, production of sperm and testosterone
LH for males
41
Target tissue: follicles in ovaries, for follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
FSH for females
42
Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes), for sperm production
FSH for males
43
Target tissue: mammary glands and ovaries, for milk production
Prolactin
44
Target tissues: melanocytes in skin, for melanin production (causes pigment)
MSH
45
Target tissues: cells of adrenal cortex, for production of corticosteroids
ACTH
46
Target tissues: kidneys, for conserving water
ADH - “Diabetes insipidus”= watery urine, low ADH, kidneys produce large amounts of dilute, can lead to dehydration/thirst
47
Target tissue: uterus, to increase uterine contractions during labor
Oxytocin
48
One of the largest gland, requires iodine, regulates metabolic rate
Thyroid gland
49
Thyroid gland secretes:
Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin
50
Target tissues: most tissues, to regulate metabolic rates for growth, secreted by follicular cells
Thyroid hormones
51
Target tissues: bones, secreted by parafollicular cells, to reduce blood calcium level when high
Calcitonin
52
Thyroid hormone disorders: - Decreased metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, low temp. and pulse, dry and cold skin, myxedema (adults), cretinism (infants)
Hypothyroidism
53
Thyroid hormone disorders: Increased metabolism, weight loss, higher temp. and pulse, warm and flushed skin, Graves’ disease (leads to goiter)
Hyperthyroidism
54
Thyroid hormone disorders: Target tissues: bones and kidneys, to regulated blood Ca2+ levels
Parathyroid hormone
55
Thyroid hormone disorders: If Ca2+ is LOW, osteoclasts-
- break down bone matrix - less Ca2+ is lost in urine
56
Thyroid hormone disorders: If Ca2+ is HIGH, osteoclasts-
- don’t break down - more Ca2+ is lost
57
Two small glands, located superior to each kidney
Adrenal glands
58
Part of adrenal gland, the inner part
Adrenal medulla
59
Part of adrenal gland, the outer part
Cortex
60
The adrenal medulla and cortex functions as a
Separate endocrine glands
61
Target tissues: Heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells, for fight or flight response
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine - (Adrenal medulla hormones)
62
Target tissues: kidneys, is a type of mineralocorticoid, to regulate ion balance, causes Na and HzO to be retained, K+ is secreted
Aldosterone (adrenal cortex hormone)
63
Target tissues: most tissues, is a type of glucocorticoid, it increases the breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses, reduces inflammatory/immune response
Corticol (adrenal cortex hormone)
64
Target tissues: most tissues, for secondary sexual characteristics (male), sex drive (female)
Androgens (adrenal cortex hormone)
65
A mixed gland, w/ and exocrine and endocrine portion
Pancreas
66
The exocrine portion secretes
digestive enzymes
67
The endocrine portion consists of
- pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) - dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas
68
Pancreatic islets cell types (3):
Alpha, Beta, Delta cells
69
Secretes glucagon
- Alpha cells (increase blood glucose)
70
Secretes somatostatin
- Delta cells (inhibit/regulate the function of glucagon/insulin)
71
Secretes insulin
- Beta cells (decrease blood glucose)
72
Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, if glucose levels are high, this is secreted to lower, extra glucose is stored in the form of glycogen
Insulin
73
Too little insulin/faulty insulin receptors
Diabetes mellitus
74
Insulin dependent (daily injections required)
Diabetes mellitus type I
75
Insulin independent, found in obese people, can be treated with diet
Diabetes mellitus type II
76
Target tissue: liver, if the glucose level drop/low, this is secreted to increase, allows glycogen to be broken down
Glucagon
77
Target tissues: most tissues, aids in sperm and reproductive organ function
Testosterone
78
Target tissues: most tissues, involved in uterine and mammary development and menstrual cycle
Estrogen/Progesterone
79
Target tissues: immune system tissues, promotes immune system development
Thymosin
80
Target tissues: hypothalamus, plays a role in onset of puberty and control of circadian rhythms
Melatonin

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