Skeletal Flashcards

(117 cards)

1
Q

Components of skeletal system: (4)

A

Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments

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2
Q

Functions of Skeletal system:

A
  • Body support and movement,
  • organ protect,
  • mineral storage,
  • blood cell production
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3
Q

Connective tissues of the Skeletal
system:

  • determined by the composition of their:
A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

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4
Q

ALWAYS contains collagen, ground substance, water, and molecules

A

Matrix

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5
Q

A fibrous protein, provides flexibility, resists pulling/compression

A

Collagen

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6
Q

Contains proteoglycans (water trapping proteins), helps cartilage to be smooth and resilient

A

Matrix ground substance

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7
Q

Contains LARGE AMOUNTS of collagen, fibers, it is very tough like ropes/cables

A

Extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Bone matrix by weight

A
  • 35% organic
  • 65% inorganic
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9
Q

The organic material of the bone matrix is primarily

A

Collagen and Proteoglycans

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10
Q

The inorganic material of the bone matrix is primarily

A
  • Calcium phosphate crystal called
  • “hydroaxyapatite” Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
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11
Q

Lend flexible strength to the bone

A

Collagen fibers

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12
Q

Gives bone compression strength

A

Mineral component

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13
Q

Formation of the bone and repair/remodeling

A

Osteoblasts (born to build)

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14
Q

Osteoblasts produce

A
  • Collagen
  • Proteoglycans
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15
Q

Also secrete high concentrations of Ca2+ and phosphate ions, forming crystals (hydroxyapatite)

A

Osteoblasts

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16
Q

Formation of NEW BONE by osteoblasts is called

A

Ossification

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17
Q

Cells that maintain bone matrix, form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it

A

Osteocytes

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18
Q

% of osteocytes

A

90-95% of bone cells

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19
Q

Bone matrix in spaces in the osteocyte cell bodies are called

A

Lacunae

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20
Q

Narrow and long spaces in the bone cells (cell extensions)

A

Canaliculi

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21
Q

Bone-destroying cells

A

Osteoclasts

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22
Q

Contributes to the bone repair and remodeling, removing existing bone

A

Osteoclasts

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23
Q

Removing existing bone is called

A

Bone reabsorption

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24
Q

Bone breakdown is important for mobilizing

A

Ca2+
calcium carion

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25
As the bone is broken down, the Ca2+ goes into the
Blood
26
Mature bone, thin, w/concentric sheets or layers of “lamellae”
Lamellar bone
27
Bone can be classified according to the amount of
- Bone matrix - Space within the bone
28
Has less bone matrix, more space
Spongy bone
29
More bone matrix, less space
Compact bone
30
Spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods/plates of bone called
Trabeculae
31
Between the trabeculae are SPACES, filled with
Bone marrow, blood vessels
32
Surface of trabeculae are covered with a SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS consisting of
Osteoblasts w/osteoclasts
33
Aka “cortical bone”, solid, outer layer
Compact bone
34
Functional unit of compact bone is
- Osteon - (concentric rings of matrix surrounding a central canal)
35
Central canals are lined with
Endosteum w/blood vessels, nerves, loose connective tissue
36
Concentric rings of bone matrix, surrounds the central canal
Lamellae
37
Osteocytes are located in spaces called
Lacunae (between lamellar rings)
38
Small tunnels, radiate between lacunae across lamellae
Canaliculi
39
Connect osteocytes to one another, transports nutrients & removes waste
Canaliculi
40
Center portion of the bone, composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
41
Hollow center of a long bone
Medullary cavity
42
Ends of a long bone is called
- Epiphyses - mostly spongy bone - OUTER LAYER OF COMPACT BONE
43
The end of a long bone is covered with HYALINE CARTILAGE called
Articular cartilage
44
Located between the epiphyses and diaphysis, for growth in bone
Epiphyseal plate
45
When bone stops growing, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called
Epiphyseal line
46
Cavities in spongy bone and medullary cavity in diaphysis are filled w/soft tissue called
Marrow
47
Location of blood forming cells (marrow)
Red marrow
48
Mostly fat (marrow)
Yellow marrow
49
In fetus, spaces within bones are filled with
Red marrow
50
Before birth, the red bone marrow starts to convert into
Yellow bone marrow
51
In adults, red bone marrow is in the
Flat bones
52
Yellow bone marrow location in adults
Long bones of the femur and humerus
53
Average adult has _ bones
206
54
Bones are segregated into the
- Axial skeleton -Appendicular skeleton
55
Consists of bones of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
56
Consists of bone of the upper limbs, lower limbs, two girdles
Appendicular skeleton
57
Refers to the two zones where the limbs are attached
girdle
58
What are that two zones?
- pectoral girdle - pelvic girdle
59
How many bone shape classifications
4 (long, short, flat, irregular)
60
Longer that they are wide. Ex: Upper and lower limbs
Long bones
61
As wide as they are long. Ex: Wrist and ankle
Short bones
62
Relatively thin, flattened shape. Ex: Skull and sternum
Flat bones
63
Includes vertebrae and facial bones, do not fit readily into other three categories
Irregular bones
64
Skeletal Terminology: - hole - Ex: foramen magnum
Foramen
65
Skeletal Terminology: - depression - Ex: glenoid fossa
Fossa
66
Skeletal Terminology: - projection - Ex: mastoid process
Process
67
Skeletal Terminology: - smooth, round end - Ex: occipital condyle
Condyle
68
Skeletal Terminology: - passageway - Ex: external auditory meatus
Meatus/Canal
69
Skeletal Terminology: - Lump of bone - Ex: greater tubercle
Tubercle/ Tuberosity
70
Composed of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
71
The skull has _ bones divided into braincase and the face
22
72
Encloses the cranial cavity, consists of 8 cranial bones, protects the brain
Braincase
73
Bony structure of the face has
14 facial bones
74
_ are connected to form the bulk of the face
13 of the facial bones
75
Forms as freely movable joint w/the rest of the skull
Mandible
76
How many is the total number of auditory ossicles in the ear
6 (3 each middle ear)
77
The cranial bones are connected by IMMOVABLE JOINTS called
Sutures
78
4 principal sutures:
1. Coronal 2. Sagittal 3. Lambdoid 4. Squamous
79
Anterior part of cranium, the “forehead”
Frontal bone
80
Sides, roof of cranium
Parietal bones
81
Posterior portion, floor of cranium
Occipital bones
82
Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium
Temporal bones
83
Lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, Sella turcica, forms part of the cranium floor, anterior to temporal bones
Sphenoid bone
84
Anterior portion of cranium, includes, medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity, Nasal conchae
Ethmoid bone
85
Forms part of the upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, Part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, maxillary sinus (facial bones)
Maxillae
86
Posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity (facial bones)
Palatine bones
87
Cheek bones, form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit (facial bones)
Zygomatic bones
88
Medial surfaces of eye orbits (facial bones)
Lacrimal bones
89
Bridge of nose (facial bones)
Nasal bones
90
Midline of nasal cavity, nasal septum with ethmoid bone (facial bones)
Vomer
91
Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity (facial bones)
Inferior nasal conchae
92
Lower jawbone, only movable skull bone (facial bones)
Mandible
93
Pectoral girdle: (2)
- Scapula (shoulder blade) - Clavicle (collar bone)
94
Upper limb: (6)
-Humerus (upper portion of forelimb) -Ulna (forearm) - Radius (forearm) - Carpal (wrist) - Metacarpals (hand) - Phalanges (fingers)
95
Where lower limbs attached to the body
Pelvic girdle
96
Includes pelvic girdle and coccyx
Pelvis
97
Inferior and posteriorregion of hip bone
Ischium
98
Hip socket (joint) of hip bone
Acetabulum
99
Lower Limb bones: (7)
- Femur (thigh) - Patella (knee cap) - Tibia (larger bone of lower leg) - Fibula (smaller bone of lower leg) - Tarsals (ankle) - Metatarsals (foot) - Phalanges (toes and fingers)
100
101
Where the two bone come together
Articulation
102
Joints can be classified as
- Fibrous - Cartilaginous - Synovial (according to connective tissue type)
103
Functional categories of joints:
- Synarthroses - Amphiarthroses - Diarthroses
104
United by fibrous connective tissue, sutures, syndesmosis, gomphoses
- Fibrous joint
105
United by means of cartilage, synchondroses and symphysis
Cartilaginous
106
Joined by fluid cavity, most joints of the appendicular skeleton
Synovial
107
Non-movable joint. Ex: Skull articulations
Synarthrosis
108
Slightly movable joint, Ex: between vertebrae
Amphiarthrosis
109
Freely movable joints. Ex: Knee, elbow, wrist
Diarthrosis
110
Types of Movement: Bending:
Flexion
111
Types of Movement: Straightening:
Extension
112
Types of Movement: Movement away from midline:
Abduction
113
Types of Movement: Movement toward the midline:
Adduction
114
Types of Movement: Rotation of the forearm with palms down
Pronation
115
Types of Movement: Rotation of the forearm with palms up
Supination
116
Types of Movement: Movement of a structure about the long axis:
Rotation
117
Effects of aging on Skeletal system and Joints
- Decreased Collagen production - Loss of bone density - Degenerative changes