Endocrine_System_Flashcards

Question 1

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

To use hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question 2

What are hormones?

Answer 2

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target specific organs and tissues.

Question 3

What is the word root, and give an example?

Answer 3

The core meaning of a term (e.g., ‘thyr’ for thyroid).

Question 4

What is a combining form (CF), and give an example?

Answer 4

A word root plus a vowel (e.g., ‘thyro’).

Question 5

What is a prefix, and give an example?

Answer 5

A modifier at the beginning of a word (e.g., ‘hyper’ for excessive).

Question 6

What is a suffix, and give an example?

Answer 6

Describes a condition at the end of a word (e.g., ‘-ism’ for a state or condition).

Question 7

Why is the pituitary gland called the ‘master gland’?

Answer 7

Because it controls other glands in the endocrine system.

Question 8

What hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 8

Growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin.

Question 9

What hormones are released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 9

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 10

What is the role of the thyroid gland?

Answer 10

To regulate metabolism, energy, and growth.

Question 11

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 11

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.

Question 12

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 12

To lower blood calcium levels.

Question 13

How many parathyroid glands are there, and what do they produce?

Answer 13

Four glands that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 14

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Answer 14

To raise blood calcium levels.

Question 15

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 15

On top of the kidneys.

Question 16

What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 16

Corticosteroids (cortisol and aldosterone) and androgens.

Question 17

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 17

Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

Question 18

What is the function of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

Answer 18

To mediate the ‘fight or flight’ response.

Question 19

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

Answer 19

Endocrine and exocrine.

Question 20

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 20

Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels.

Question 21

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 21

Secretes digestive enzymes.

Question 22

What does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 22

Melatonin.

Question 23

What is the function of melatonin?

Answer 23

Regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Question 24

What does the thymus produce?

Answer 24

Thymosin.

Question 25

What is the function of thymosin?

Answer 25

Promotes T-cell development for the immune response.

Question 26

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 26

Estrogen and progesterone.

Question 27

What is the function of estrogen and progesterone?

Answer 27

To regulate menstrual cycles and pregnancy.

Question 28

What hormone do the testes produce?

Answer 28

Testosterone.

Question 29

What is the function of testosterone?

Answer 29

Responsible for sperm production and male secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 30

What is the role of insulin?

Answer 30

Lowers blood glucose levels.

Question 31

What is the role of glucagon?

Answer 31

Raises blood glucose levels.

Question 32

What is the role of cortisol?

Answer 32

Increases blood sugar and suppresses the immune response during stress.

Question 33

What is the role of aldosterone?

Answer 33

Regulates sodium and potassium balance, affecting blood pressure.

Question 34

What is the role of thyroxine (T4)?

Answer 34

Regulates metabolism and energy production.

Question 35

What is the role of oxytocin?

Answer 35

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Question 36

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 36

A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels.

Question 37

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 37

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, requiring insulin therapy.

Question 38

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 38

Insulin resistance, managed with lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes insulin.

Question 39

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 39

Fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

Question 40

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 40

Weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, and tremors.

Question 41

What causes Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 41

Excessive cortisol production.

Question 42

What causes Addison's disease?

Answer 42

Insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production.

Question 43

What is acromegaly?

Answer 43

Overproduction of growth hormone in adults.

Question 44

What is gigantism?

Answer 44

Excessive growth hormone production in children.

Question 45

What is dwarfism?

Answer 45

Insufficient growth hormone production.

Question 46

What is hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 46

Overactivity of the parathyroid glands, leading to high blood calcium levels.

Question 47

What is hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 47

Insufficient PTH production, causing muscle cramps and spasms.

Question 48

What is pheochromocytoma?

Answer 48

A tumor causing excessive adrenaline and noradrenaline production.

Question 49

What does TSH stand for?

Answer 49

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone.

Question 50

What do T3 and T4 represent?

Answer 50

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine.

Question 51

What is ACTH?

Answer 51

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone.

Question 52

What is ADH?

Answer 52

Antidiuretic Hormone.

Question 53

What does GH stand for?

Answer 53

Growth Hormone.

Question 54

What does PTH represent?

Answer 54

Parathyroid Hormone.

Question 55

What does FSH stand for?

Answer 55

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

Question 56

What is LH?

Answer 56

Luteinizing Hormone.

Question 57

What does HbA1c measure?

Answer 57

Hemoglobin A1c.

Question 58

What is HRT?

Answer 58

Hormone Replacement Therapy.

Question 59

What is DHEA?

Answer 59

Dehydroepiandrosterone.

Question 60

What do IDDM and NIDDM represent?

Answer 60

Insulin-Dependent and Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.

Question 61

What is SIADH?

Answer 61

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion.

Question 62

What does DKA stand for?

Answer 62

Diabetic Ketoacidosis.