immunology_flashcards_complete

Question 1

What is immunology?

Answer 1

The study of the immune system, a network of cells, tissues, and molecules that protect the body from harmful invaders (bacteria, viruses, parasites).

Question 2

What other roles does the immune system play?

Answer 2

Eliminates abnormal cells (e.g., cancer cells) and aids in tissue repair and wound healing.

Question 3

What is immunity?

Answer 3

The state of being protected from disease or harm.

Question 4

A-/An-

Answer 4

Not, without. Example: Anemia (lack of blood cells).

Question 5

Aero-

Answer 5

Air. Example: Aerosol (suspension of particles in the air).

Question 6

Adeno-

Answer 6

Gland. Example: Adenopathy (disease of a gland).

Question 7

Angio-

Answer 7

Vessel. Example: Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels).

Question 8

Cyto-

Answer 8

Cell. Example: Cytotoxic (toxic to cells).

Question 9

Leuko-

Answer 9

White. Example: Leukocyte (white blood cell).

Question 10

Erythro-

Answer 10

Red. Example: Erythrocyte (red blood cell).

Question 11

Hyper-

Answer 11

Excessive, increased. Example: Hyperplasia (excessive cell growth).

Question 12

Hypo-

Answer 12

Insufficient, below normal. Example: Hypotension (low blood pressure).

Question 13

Auto-

Answer 13

Self. Example: Autoimmune (immune response against one’s own tissues).

Question 14

Allo-

Answer 14

Other (same species). Example: Allograft (transplant from a donor of the same species).

Question 15

Xeno-

Answer 15

Foreign (different species). Example: Xenotransplant (transplant from a different species).

Question 16

-itis

Answer 16

Inflammation. Example: Arthritis (inflammation of the joints).

Question 17

-emia

Answer 17

Blood condition. Example: Leukemia (cancer of white blood cells).

Question 18

-penia

Answer 18

Deficiency. Example: Leukopenia (deficiency of white blood cells).

Question 19

-lysis

Answer 19

Breakdown, destruction. Example: Hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells).

Question 20

-megaly

Answer 20

Enlargement. Example: Splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen).

Question 21

-pathy

Answer 21

Disease. Example: Neuropathy (disease of the nerves).

Question 22

-rrhage

Answer 22

Bleeding. Example: Hemorrhage (excessive bleeding).

Question 23

-therapy

Answer 23

Treatment. Example: Chemotherapy (treatment with chemical agents).

Question 24

Anasarca

Answer 24

Generalized edema (swelling) throughout the body.

Question 25

Osteo-Medullary Biopsy (OMB)

Answer 25

Sampling of hematopoietic (blood-forming) bone marrow.

Question 26

Blast

Answer 26

A cell with nuclear and cytoplasmic immaturity, often seen in bone marrow samples.

Question 27

Clotting

Answer 27

The process of blood coagulation to form a clot, activated by the coagulation cascade.

Question 28

Edema

Answer 28

Accumulation of fluid in tissues, causing swelling.

Question 29

Karyotype

Answer 29

A map or image of chromosomes, used to detect genetic abnormalities.

Question 30

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

Answer 30

Undifferentiated cells that self-renew, differentiate, and remain dormant until needed.

Question 31

Fibrin

Answer 31

A protein essential for forming blood clots during coagulation.

Question 32

Inflammation

Answer 32

The body's response to infection or injury, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Question 33

Interstitium

Answer 33

The space between cells filled with interstitial fluid.

Question 34

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 34

Clear fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and nutrients.

Question 35

Lymphoid Cells

Answer 35

Immune cells like lymphocytes, derived from the lymphoid lineage.

Question 36

Myeloid Cells

Answer 36

Immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages, derived from the myeloid lineage.

Question 37

Proliferation

Answer 37

Rapid multiplication of cells in response to immune activation.

Question 38

Thrombosis

Answer 38

Formation of a blood clot inside a vessel, obstructing blood flow.

Question 39

Serum

Answer 39

Blood plasma without clotting factors.

Question 40

Innate Immunity

Answer 40

Present from birth; provides the first line of defense.

Question 41

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 41

Develops over time; highly specific and targets particular pathogens.

Question 42

Non-Specific Response

Answer 42

Immediate response by innate immunity (skin, barriers, phagocytes).

Question 43

Specific Response

Answer 43

Adaptive immunity is activated if innate defenses fail.

Question 44

Memory Response

Answer 44

Memory B and T cells remain after infection, providing long-term protection.

Question 45

Symptom

Answer 45

Subjective experience (pain, fatigue) reported by the patient.

Question 46

Medical Sign

Answer 46

Objective findings by a doctor (swelling, redness).

Question 47

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Answer 47

Measures blood cell levels, detecting immune disorders.

Question 48

Flow Cytometry

Answer 48

Analyzes immune cells using fluorescent markers.

Question 49

ELISA

Answer 49

Detects antibodies and antigens in blood.

Question 50

Western Blot

Answer 50

Confirms the presence of antibodies.

Question 51

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Answer 51

Detects genetic material from pathogens.