Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Step 2 CK > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what lab test is used in diabetic patients to assess the adequacy of gloycemic control over the last three months?

A

HgbA1c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the leading cuase of death in diabetics?

A

CV disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why must beta blockers be used with caution in diabetics

A

blcoks symptoms of hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can cause hypoglycemia in nondiabetic patient?

A

insulinoma, iatrogenic, fasting, alcohol, pit/adrenal insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the underlying metabolic derangements in type 2 diabetes

A

incrs hgbAic
increased glucose
insulin resistance and deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

five categories for metabolic syndrome

A

abd obesity

triglycerides

HDL

BP

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

skin finding which can be a sign of insulin resistance

A

acanthosis nigricans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lifestyle changes for type 2 DM? drug recommended as first line therapy for these patients?

A

wt loss, increased exercise, diet

metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which type of insulin is used in continuous infusion insulin pumps and tx of DKA

A

insulin lispro/aspart

reg insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which diabetic medications should be avoided in patients with heart failure?

A

TZDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which medication from metformin, pioglitazone and glyburide is most likely to cause hypoglycemia

A

glyburide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mechanism of action of diabetes drug which decreases GI absorption of starch and disaccharides

A

acarbose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mechanism of action of diabetes drug which stimulates insulin release

A

sulfonylurea, meglitinides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mechanism of action of diabetes drug which decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

metformin, TZDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mechanism of action of diabetes drug which increases tissue glucose uptake and improves insulin sensitivity

A

TZDs, metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mechanism of action of diabetes drug which mimics action of GLP1, decr glucagon, incr insulin, delays gastric emptying

A

GLP1 agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mechanism of action of diabetes drug which inhibits DPP4 leading to decr glucagon, incr insulin, delayed gastric emptying

A

DPP4 inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mechanism of action of diabetes drug which increases urinary elimination of sugar

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

antidiabetic agent associated with lactic acidosis

A

metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which serum electrolytes are commonly low in patients with DKA

A

total body K, HCO3, Ca/Mg, Na, phosph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

type 2 DM ran out of metformin, presents with 3 daysd of polyuria, dry mouth, vomiting. lethargic. Na 144, K 3.7, Cl 101, HCO3 18, glucose 413. Dx? Further testing?

A

DKA

abg and urine or serum ketones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

antihypertensive drug class that reduces proteinuria and slows diabetic nephropathy

A

ACEI or ARB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

surgical, photocoag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

treatment of peripheral neuroapthy?

A

amitryptilline, duloxetine, carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
common eye diseases in diabetics?
retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts
26
tx and dx or diabetic gastroparesis
gastric emptying study erythromycin, metoclopramide
27
tx for DKA
fluids, reg insulin, KCl
28
thyroid abnormalities in pregnancy?
increased TBG, increased total T4, normal free T4
29
patient has exophthalmos, What is the most likely cause?
hyperthyroid, Graves disease
30
treatment of the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
radioactive I met, PTU, surgery
31
patient has exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema decreased zTSH, dx?
graves dx
32
major differences between de quervain thyroiditis and hashimoto
de quervain: decr TSH, incr T4, painful goiter hasthimoto: incr TSH, decr T4, painless goiter
33
most common type of thyroid cancer
papillary
34
next step in management of newly found thyroid nodule in a patient with hyperthyroidism
check TSH, free T4 radioactive iodine scan
35
Vit D deficiency: Ca, PTH, phosphate
decr Ca, incr PTH, decr phosphate
36
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in paget disease
nl Ca nl phosph incr alk phosph nl PTH
37
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in osteomalacia
decr Ca decr phosph nl/incr alk phosph incr PTH
38
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in chronic renal failure
decr Ca incr phosph nl alk phosph incr PTH
39
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in osteoporosis
nl Ca nl phosph nl alk phosph nl PTH
40
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in osteopetrosis
nl Ca nl phosph nl alk phosph nl PTH
41
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in primary hyperparathyroidism
incr Ca decr phosph incr alk phosph incr PTH
42
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in hypoparathyroidism
decr Ca incr phosph nl alk phosph decr PTH
43
What is the Ca, Phosph, alk phosph, PTH in pseudohypoparathyroidism
decr Ca incr phosph nl alk phosph incr PTH
44
most common pituitary tumor, tx?
prolactinoma bromocriptine, cabergoline
45
difference between macro and micro adenoma?
10 mm
46
tx of macro adenoma?
dopamine agonists (bromo, cabergoline) surgery
47
tx of micro adenoma
dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline)
48
Presentation of hyperprolactinemia?
hypogonad: galactorrhea, amenorrhea
49
next step for patient found to have an absent pituitary on MRI
check hormone levels
50
visual field defect associated with prolactinoma?
bitemporal hemianopsia
51
complications from acromegaly?
cardiac failure DM spinal cord compression organomegaly compression of optic nerve
52
first line treatment for moderate hypercalcemia
IV hydration loop diuretics
53
What is made only in adrenals and used as a more specific marker for androgen producing adrenal tumor in women?
DHEAs (zona reticularis)
54
electrolyte abnormalities found in hyperaldosteronism?
decr K, metabolic alkalosis
55
specific lab finding in making diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism
decr renin incr PAC: PRA ratio: incr PAC, decr PRA
56
patient's work up reveals high aldo concentration and low renin. Dx? tx?
Conn syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism spironolactone, surgical removal
57
patient with elevated BP, palpitations, HA, excessive perspiration has elevated urine vanillylmandelic acid leves. What effect would beta blocker have on patient?
vasoconstriction from unopposed alpha
58
likely condition of female infant with virilization of genitalia an dhypotension?
21 alpha hydroxylase def --> CAH
59
serum abnormalities in 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
incr Na, decr K
60
serum abnormalities in 21 alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
decr Na, incr K
61
patient with acromegaly is found to have elevated Ca on blood draw during a work up of peptic ulcer. WHat is the mjost liekly diagnosis?
MEN 1
62
lab changes in hyperaldosteronemia?
incr Na, decr K, metabolic alkalosis
63
lab findings in hashimoto?
incr TSH, decr free T4, antiperoxidase abd, antithyroglobulin abd
64
40 year old obese patient presents with acanthosis nigricans. Dx and initial workup?
DM TSH, BSG, cortisol
65
tx of HTN in pheochromocytoma?
alpha and beta blocker phentolamine
66
tx of parathyroid hyperplasia?
surgical, 3.5 PTH glands
67
which endocrine disorder might weight loss eliminate need for meds?
DM PCOS
68
patient presents with weakness, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and new skin pigmentation. Dx? Tx?
addison's disease corticosteroids/mineralocorticoids
69
chvostek and trousseau signs are associated with what metabolic abnormalitY?
hypocalcemia
70
sx of hyperthyroid and extremely tender thyroid gland
subacute thyroiditis
71
sx of hyperthyroid and pretibial myxedema
graves
72
sx of hyperthyroid and pride in recent weight loss, medical professional
factitious insulin
73
sx of hyperthyroid and palpation of single thyroid nodule
toxic adenoma
74
sx of hyperthyroid and multiple thyroid nodules
multinodular goiter
75
sx of hyperthyroid and recent study using IV contrast?
jod-basedow phenom
76
sx of hyperthyroid and eye changes, proptosis, edema, injection
graves
77
sx of hyperthyroid and history of thyroidectomy or radioablation of thyroid
excess thyroid hormone replacement
78
first line treatment of GH secreting pituitary adenoma
surgical
79
what causes stones, bones, and psychiatric overtones
hypercalcemia
80
what causes hypocalcemia, high phosphorous, low PTH
hypoparathyroidism
81
most common cause of cushing syndrome
steroid use
82
two most common causes of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma parathyroid hypoplasia
83
patient has history of intermittent tachycardia, fluctuations in BP, HA, diaphoresis, panic attacks. Dx?
pheochromocytoma
84
indications for surgical parahyroidectomy of PTH adenoma?
symptomatic incr Ca serum Ca > 1 above upper limit nl creatinine clearance decr 30% T score -2.5 at any site age
85
patient with type 2 DM needs CT scan with IV contrast. WHat medication should be temporarily held?
metformin
86
tx for acromegaly?
resection of pituitary adenoma octreotide, cabergoline, pegvisolant
87
Patient presents with hypertension, depression, kidney stones. What is the most likely underlying diagnosis?
hypercalcemia from hyperPTH
88
Causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia?
diuretics (thiazide) addison disease fluid loss and free water replacement

Step 2 CK (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions