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Pathophysiology > Endocrinology Intro > Flashcards

Endocrinology Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Five major types of hormones

and ex for each

A
  1. AA derived–dopamine, catecholamine and thyroid hormone
  2. small neuropeptides–gonadotropin rel hormone, TSH, somatostatin and vasopressin
  3. Large proteins–insulin, LH, parathyroid hormone
  4. Steroid hormones (cholesterol based)–cortisol and estrogen
  5. Vitamin derived— retinoids (vit a) and vit D
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2
Q

Which types of hormones interact with intracellular receptors
-why????

A 
Steroids 
thyroid hormones 
vit d 
retinoids 
****BC THEY ARE ALL POLAR****
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3
Q

which types of hormones interact with cell membrane surface receptors?

A

AA derivatives
peptide hormones

NON POLAR**

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4
Q

five general functions of endocrine system

A
  1. differentiation of the reproductive and CNS in dvlping fetus
  2. stim of growth and development during childhood and adolescence
  3. Coordination of the male and female reproductive systems–making sexual reproduction possible
  4. Maint of homeostasis
  5. Initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency occurs
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5
Q

three patterns in whic hormones are secreted

A
  1. circadian or diurnal patterns
  2. Pulsatile or cyclic patterns–menses for ex
  3. Patterns that dep on levels of circulating substrates–NA, Ca, K, or the hormone itself
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6
Q

hormones operate within a _____ system to maintain ______

A 
feedback system (pos or neg) 
homeostasis
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7
Q

where are steroid hormones excreted and produced (conjugated)

A

excreted–kidneys

prod–liver

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8
Q

what inactivates hormones

A

LIVER

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9
Q

peptide (or water based) hormones are excreted bY? and catabolized by?

A

excreted–feces or urine

catabolized–enzymes in circulation

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10
Q

hormone release is regulated by? (3)

give examples

A
  1. Chemical factors–blood glucose or ca levels
  2. Endocrine factors–one gland controlling another endo gland (pituitary gland)
  3. neuronal control–stress induced rel of catecholamines from adrenal medulla
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11
Q

two reasons hormones are released

A
  1. resp to alterations of hormones in body

2. chemical response to alterations in cellular envi (disruption in homeostasis)

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12
Q

what is the main role of negative feedback?

A

to turn off hormone that is already circulating in high amounts

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13
Q

hypothalamus produces_____hormones

pituitary gland produces ____ hormones

A

hypothal— RELEASING hormones (which stim the PG to rel its hormones)

PG–STIMULATING or TROPIC hormones (stim target organs to rel their hormones)

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14
Q

Growth hormone stimulates ___ to release _____

A

liver— that releases somatomedins

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15
Q

TSH stimulates ____ to relese ____

A

thyroid gland—T3 T4

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16
Q

Prolactin stimulates ____ to produce

A

breast—milk production

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17
Q

ACTH stimualtes ___ to release___

A

adrenal cortex—cortisol

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18
Q

FSH stimulates _____ to release ____

A

ovarian follices—Estrogen

testes–spermatogenesis

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19
Q

LH stimulates___ to release ____

A

Corpus luteum—progesterone

Testes—testosterone

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20
Q

list the Ant Pit GLand hormones

A 
Growth hormone---GH 
TSH--thyroid stim hormone 
Prolactin 
ACTH--Adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH--follicle stim hormone 
LH--leutinizing hormone
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21
Q

ADH stimulates _____ to ____

A

kidneys–increase h20 absoprtion, constrict BVs

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22
Q

Oxytocin stimulates____ to ____

A

uterus to contract

breast to prod milk

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23
Q

Hormones of the post pit gland

A

ADH—anti diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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24
Q

Hypothalamtic (NT) ___ inhibits ____ release from ___

A

dopamine
prolactin
AP gland

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25
In primary hyper-- disorder: 1. the [hormone] rel from the gland will be H/L 2. the stimulating [hormone] from PG will be H/L EX?
hormone from target gland= HIGH hormone from AP gland=LOW **all due to incr neg feedback** from hyperactive target gland EX: Grave's disease
26
primary endo disorder is when what is malfunctioning? | *labs are in what direction?
target organ | *labs are in opposite direction
27
secondary and tertiary disorder is when what is malfunctioning? *labs are in what direction
``` Pituitary gland (2) and hypothalmamus (3) *labs are in same direction ```
28
in secondary hyper-- disorder: 1. the target organ [hormone] will be H/L 2. the stimulating [hormone] will be H/L EX
BOTH will be HIGH | EX: Cushing's disease (pituitary adenoma)
29
In primary hypo-- disorder: 1. the [hormone] rel from the gland will be H/L 2. the stimulating [hormone] from PG will be H/L EX?
1. low 2. high EX: Hashimoto's or thyroiditis *BC Loss of negative feedback from hypo-active target gland*
30
in secondary (or tertiary) hypo-- disorder: 1. the target organ [hormone] will be H/L 2. the stimulating [hormone] will be H/L EX
BOTH will be low EX: hypopituitarism *BC PG (or hypothalm for tertiary) not secreting enough*
31
list the two hormones that thyroid gland produces
thyroid hormone---T3 T4 | calcitonin
32
what hormone is secreted from parathyroid glands
PTH--parathyroid hormone
33
define short feedback loop
incr plasma levels of end target hormone prod neg feedback to AP aka turn off AP
34
define long feedback loop
incr plasma levels of end target hormone prod neg feedback to hypothalamus aka turn off hypothal
35
ex of POS feedback
stages of labor: | -incr in hormones of oxytocin---incr contractions
36
insulin is a water or lipid soluble
water
37
half life of water sol hormones are short or long? WHY
short | they are catabolized quickly by circulating enzymes
38
can water sol hormones diffuse accross PM?
NO | *they need
39
which type of hormones are transp bound to carrier or transp protein
lipid soluble hormones
40
can lipid sol hormones diffuse across PM?
yes--diffuse freely
41
what happens when lipid sol hormones are released from carrier proteins?
distributed throughout the body BUT only the cells with the hormone receptor for THAT specific hormone are affected
42
List of Peptide water soluble hormones
Growth Hormones Insulin Parathyroid Hormone Prolactin
43
List of Glycoprotein water soluble hormones
Follicle stim hormone Leuitinizing Hormone TSH
44
List of Polypeptide water soluble hormones
``` Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ADH Calcitonin Endorphins Glucagon Melanocyte stim hormones Oxytocin Somatostatin (GH) TRH ```
45
List of amines water sol hormones
Epi | Norepi
46
List of Thyroxine lipid sol hormones
Thyroxine--T4 Triiodothyronine T3
47
List of steroid lipid sol hormones
``` Estrogen Glucocoticoids (cortisol) Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) Progestins (progesterone) Testosterone ```
48
List of derivatives of arachidnoic acid lipid sol hormones
Leukotrienes Prostacyclines Prostaglandins Thromboxane
49
steroids (lipid sol) hormones are derived from
cholesterol
50
Androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, vit D, retinoids
steroids (lipid sol) hormones
51
where do steroid hormones bind to its recps?
cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors--intracellular
52
what do steroid hormones activate
``` Ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase DNA transcription ```
53
what is the first messenger
hormone-- its secreted into the blood stream carrying a message to target cell
54
define signal transduction
*signal that hormone carries* hormone binds to receptor--->membrane enzyme OR intracellular enzyme causes alterations in gene transcription-->creating a response to hormone
55
list the three cell surface receptors and what type of hormone activates them
G-protein linked receptors--water sol activates ion-channel receptors Enzyme-linked receptor aka kinases A and C---> MC
56
the more receptors a cell has=?
the more sensitive the cell is to that hormone
57
define up-regulation
low [ ] of hormones increase the number of receptors per cell OVER TIME **think of the angelina Jolie and paparazzi ex*
58
define down-reg
high [ ] of hormones decrease the number of receptors/cell OVER TIME (not immediately)
59
where are hormone receptors located
IN or ON plasma membrane or in the intracellular compartment of target cell
60
high or low molecular wt for water sol hormones
HIGH
61
process by which hormone message is communicated into the target cell----????
signal transduction
62
signal transduction steps (5)
1. receptor activation/binding of hormone-->its recep 2. Activation or a G protein (transducer) and membrane-assoc enzyme (effector enzyme) 3. production of second messenger 4. Activation of an intracellular enzyme---Protein kinase A or C 5. Alterations in gene transcription and resulting target cell response to hormone
63
list hypothalamic hormones (9)
1. Thyrotropin-releasig hormone 2. Gonadotropin-rel hormone 3. Somatostatin 4. Growth hormone release hormone 5. Corticotropin-releasing hormone 6. substance P 7. Dopamine 8. Prolactin-releasing hormone 8. prolactin-inhibiting hormone
64
Action of TRH - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
action: stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone | target cells: Thyrotrope cells on AP-->TSH
65
Action of GnRH - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
action: stim rel of FSH and LH | Gonadotrope cells-->FSH and LH
66
target hormone and action of somatostatin - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
action: inhibits release of GH and TSH | target gland: AP and GH + TSH
67
Action of GHRH - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
stimulated rel of GH---- from AP Stimulates Somatotrope cell-->GH released
68
action of corticotropin-rel hormone (CRH) - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from AP Stims corticotrope cells-->ACTH and MSH
69
action of substance P - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
inhibits synthesis and release of ACTH | Stimulates secretion of: GH, FSH, LH, prolactin
70
action of dopamine
inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin from AP | -INHIBIT lactotrope cells so prolactin not released
71
Action of prolactin-releasing hormone - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
stim secretion of prolactin from AP stimulates Lactotrope cells-->prolactin
72
action of prolactin-inhibiting hormone - target cells on pituitary - hormone released?
inhibits secretion of prolactin from AP
73
roles/action of posterior pituitary gland
- does NOT synthesize hormones | - release of two hormones/neurotransmitters----- ADH and Oxytocin
74
ADH - function/controls___? - acts on? - effect on urine [ ]
stored in AP - controls volume status and osmolality - INCRS water reabsorption into blood - causes vasoconstriction - incr BP acts on: V2 receptors of the renal tubules cells--INCRS their permeability--> INCRS h2O absorption into blood--> creates more concentrated urine
75
how does hypothal release its hormones?
through the portal system--->AP
76
adenohypophysis
Ant Pit
77
Neurohypophysis
Post Pit
78
what connects hypothal--AP
portal blood vessels
79
what connects hypothal--PP
hypothalamohypophysial tract
80
Hypothalamus is posterior to? and Anterior to? | b/w which ventricles
anterior to cerebellum posterior to sella turcica b/w third and fourth ventricle
81
another term for ADH
arginine vasopressin
82
arginine vasopressin
ADH
83
issue with ADH could cause what kind of urine and frequency?
lower concentrated urine and LOT of urine | *bc loss of absorption*
84
function of oxytocin
milk ejecting during lactation uterine contractions *may have some influence on sperm motility
85
what does oxytocin bind to and where
bind to myoepithelial cells---mammary tissues-->causes contraction of cells-->INCRs intramammary pressure--?INCR milk ejection
86
secretion of oxytocin is due to?
sucking response during breast feeding
87
inapp levels of ADH causes
large amts of dilute urine
88
ACTH: - secretory cell type - targets? - functions
corticotropic cell--sec from AP targets=adrenal gland function= increased steroid-genesis, synthesis of adrenal proteins contributing to maint of adrenal gland
89
Melanocyte-stim hormone: - secretory cell type - targets? - functions
Melanotropic cell from AP targets=AP function= promotes secretion of melanin and lipoprotein by AP---makes skin darker
90
Growth Hormone: - secretory cell type - targets? - functions
Somatotropic cell from AP targets=muscles bone liver Function= regulates metabolic process related to growth and adaptation to physical and emotional stressers, muscle growth, incr liver glyconeolysis, incr fat metabolism
91
Prolactin: - secretory cell type - targets? - functions
Lactotropic cell--AP target=breast function= milk production
92
TSH: - secretory cell type - targets? - functions
thyrotropic cell comes from AP target=thyroid gland function=incr prod and secretion of thyroid hormone, increase iodide uptake, promotes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thymocytes
93
LH: - secretory cell type - targets? - functions
Gonadotropic cell from AP target=granulosa cells in W and Steroli Cells in M function= ovulation, progesterone production, testicular grwoth, testosterone prod
94
FSH: - secretory cell type - targets? - functions
gonadotropic cell from AP target=granulosa cells in W and Steroli Cells in M function=follicle maturation, estrogen production and spermatogenesis
95
which hormone is resp for estrogen prod
FSH
96
which hormone is resp for ovualtion and progesterone production
LH
97
which hormone is resp for testituclar growth and testosterone production
LH
98
which hormone is resp for spermatogenesis
FSH
99
what connects hypothalamus to PG?
infindibulum
100
what provides the major blood supply to AP?
Hypothalamic-pituitary portal plexus
101
arterial supply to the AP and PP?
AP=superior hypophyseal artery PP=inferior hypophyseal artery
102
explain + feedback loop | -give ex
increase in hormones causes increase in the magnitude of the effect EX: contractions during child birth - pos feedback occurs to amplify the change in system - increase in oxytocin causes increase in contractions
103
define: 1. autocrine 2. paracrine 3. endocrine
1. within cell 2. b/w local cells 3. b.w remote cells
104
three basic patterns of secretoin
1. circadian or dinural 2. pulsatile and cyclic 3. patterns that dep on levels of circulating substrates--- like NA, CA, K or hormone itself
105
steroids are excreted directly from_____ OR conjugated by_____
excreted by kidneys conjugated by liver

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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