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Lecture final > Endorcine system > Flashcards

Endorcine system Flashcards

Study guide (80 cards)

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1
Q

How do hormones travel to their target cell?

A

Through the blood

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2
Q

How are hormones different than neurotransmitters?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers, but reach their target cells using blood. They take LONGER, but have longer lasting effects.

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3
Q

Name major endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

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4
Q

Two major endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

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5
Q

This endocrine gland is in the neck, just below the lanyx

A

thyroid gland

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6
Q

These glands are on the back of the thyroid

A

parathyroids

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7
Q

gland which is anterior and superior to the heart

A

thymus

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8
Q

gland superior and slightly medial to the kidney

A

adrenal glands

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9
Q

this gland is inferior and posterior to the stomach

A

pancreas

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10
Q

these glands are located inside the abdominal cavity

A

ovaries

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11
Q

this gland is in the scrotum

A

testes

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12
Q

true or false: there are many connections between the nervous system and endocrine system

A

true

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13
Q

it is part of the brain and produces hormones. this gland is considered a neuroendocrine structure.

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

true or false: release of some hypothalamus hormones is through nervous stimulation

A

true

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15
Q

true or false: the hypothalamus does not have any hormones which control the pituitary gland

A

false. the hypothalamus has hormones which control the pituitary gland, and through it, controls other endocrine glands.

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16
Q

this gland is a good example of a structure which releases hormones through nervous stimulation

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

true or false: some hormones are neurotransmitters or chemically related to them

A

true

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18
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A

Steroid hormone and peptide hormones

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19
Q

Based on cholesterol molecule

A

Steroid hormone

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20
Q

Amino acid based or peptide hormones are composed of what

A

one or more modified amino acids and some protein

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21
Q

What are charactersitics of steroid hormones ?

A

They are lipid soluble and able to easily pass through plasma membranes.

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22
Q

Give examples of steroid based hormones which use direct gene activation

A

estrogen, testosterone from gonads and cortisol from adrenal cortex.

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23
Q

This hormone is not a steroid but diffuses through the plasma membrane using direct gene activation

A

thyroid

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24
Q

This type of hormone is usually unable to pass through the cell and must enter by using what?

A

Amino acid or peptide based hormone. They must bind to membrane bound receptors.

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25
What is the first step when a peptide based hormones binds to a membrane bound receptor?
By binding to the receptor, this activates a G protein which will cause a change from attached GDP to GTP
26
What is the first messenger in peptide based hormones? Second?
The first messenger is the hormone. The second messenger is Cyclic amp (camP)
27
This signals the cell to make some action (growth, metabolic changes, protein synthesis, etc,) by activating other enzymes
cyclic amp (camP)
28
What enzyme is activated in cyclic amp
protein kinases
29
Is cyclic amp always the second messenger in peptide based hormones?
No, it is not.
30
What else can be a second messenger>
IP3
31
What does phospholipase eventually produce?
IP3
32
Triggers the release of Ca++ from ER
IP3
33
What does IP3 release?
the third messenger , Ca++
34
Order of first hormone to second hormone
Hormone, receptor, g protein, enzyme, second hormone
35
How does an endocrine gland know its time to release its hormone?
Humoral stimulation
36
the concentration of a substance which the gland regulates that triggers/ inhibits release of hormone
Humoral stimulation
37
hormone released caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
Humoral stimulation
38
Ca++ regulation by the thyroid and parathyoid glands is an example of
humoral stimulation
39
blood glucose regulated by the pancreas is an example of
humoral stimulation
40
Hormone released caused by neural input
neural stimulation
41
neurons from the brain or spinal cord stimulate release of hormones from this gland
neural
42
stimulation of the inner portion of the adrenal gland is an example of
neural stimulation
43
stimulating or inhibiting hormone controls production and or release of gland hormones
hormonal stimulation
44
What are the 3 different types of stimulation
humoral, neural, and hormonal
45
Name 3 factors that affect hormone action
Concentration, interaction with other hormones, up down regulation
46
when a hormone needs other hormones to interact with other cells
permissiveness and synergism
47
what are two hormones needed for bone growth? what is this relationship called?
thyroid hormone and growth hormone. this is permissiveness
48
what type of hormones SYNERGIZE bone growth ?
sex hormones
49
What are the biggest factors in concentration
the amount the gland can produce, and the hormones half life
50
more oxytocin leading to more uterine contractions is an example of
concentration
51
What is a characteristic of target cells that affect hormone action that has to do with up/down regulation? explain
target cells are able to modify the effects of hormones by either increasing or decreasing their receptors. Up regulation means that they become MORE sensitive to the hormone because they increase their number of receptors. Down regulation means they decrease their number of receptors which makes them less sensitive to the hormone
52
So few uterine oxytocin receptors in the first 30 weeks of pregnancy that the message to contract isn't recieved even if oxytocin is released is an example of
down regulation
53
neurohypohosis
posterior pituitary
54
made of nervous tissue, mostly axons
posterior pituitary
55
adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary
56
made mostly of glandular tissue (mostly cubodial epithlium from mouth/ pharynx)
anterior pituitary
57
make the hormone that is carried down the axons to the posterior pituitary
cell bodies
58
What kind of hormone is ADH?
Peptide hormone
59
released in response to increased osmolarity (solute concentration)
ADH
60
What kind of hormone is oxytocin?
Peptide hormone
61
What stimulates the release of oxytocin
stretching / pressure in the uterus or stimulation of the breast
62
What would be released from stimulation of the breast?
Oxytocin
63
what can inhibit the release of oxytocin?
the lack of appropriate neural stimuli
64
Oxytocin is released from which endocrine gland?
posterior pituitary
65
stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle
oxytocin
66
stimulates smooth muscle like cells in breast
oxytocin
67
stimulates certain kidney tubules to reabsorb water
ADH
68
Diabetes inspipidus (hyposecretion)
high urine output
69
hypersecretion of ADH
excess water retention
70
What is a difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary
anterior releases and produces its own hormones. the posterior releases hormones which are produced by the hypothalamus
71
blood vessels of this system carry the hormone of the cells to the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal system
72
what control the release of the hormones from the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal system
73
blood vessel circuit with 2 set of capillaries instead of one is
hypophyseal portal system
74
picks up hypothalamus hormones from the end of axon
first capillary bed
75
drops of the hypothalamic hormones in anterior pituirary
second capillary bed
76
what connects the 2 capillary bed
hypophyseal portal veins
77
What type of hormone is most of the human body composed of>
amino acid based
78
Estrogen stimulating the uterine lining is an example of what hormone
steroid based hormone
79
This hormone mainly stimulates gamate production of testies and ovaries
FSH
80
This hormone stimulates hormone production of gonads
LH

Lecture final (8 decks)

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