Energy And Metabolism Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
are unbranched polymers composed of repeating monomers called nucleotides.
A
Nucleic acids
2
Q
Nucleic acids are unbranched polymers composed of repeating monomers called?
A
nucleotides
3
Q
There are two types of nucleic acids:
A
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Ribonucleic acid
4
Q
stores the genetic information of an organism and transmits that information from one generation to another.
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
5
Q
translates the genetic information contained in DNA into proteins needed for all cellular functions.
A
ribonucleic acid
6
Q
The nucleotide monomers that compose DNA and RNA consist of three components, what are those?
A
- monosaccharide
- nitrogen-containing base
- phosphate group
7
Q
is contained in the chromosomes of the nucleus, each chromosome having a different type of?
A
DNA
8
Q
How many chromosomes does humans have?
A
46 chromosomes ( 23 pairs )
9
Q
is a portion of the DNA molecule responsible for the synthesis of a single protein
A
gene
10
Q
The nucleotides of both DNA and RNA contain a five-membered ring monosaccharide, often called simply the?
A
sugar component
11
Q
In RNA, the monosaccharide is the aldopentose?
A
D-ribose
12
Q
In DNA the monosaccharide is
A
D-2-deoxyribose
13
Q
an aldopentose that lacks a hydroxyl group at C2
A
D-2-deoxyribose
14
Q
How many nitrogen-containing bases are present in nucleic acids?
A
Five
15
Q
Three bases with one ring are derived from the parent compound pyrimidine, what are those 3?
A
- cytosine
- uracil
- thymine
16
Q
Three bases with one ring (cytosine, uracil, and thymine) are derived from what parent compound?
A
pyrimidine
17
Q
Two bases with two rings are derived from the parent compound purine, what are those 2?
A
- adenine
- guanine
18
Q
Two bases with two rings (adenine and guanine) are derived from what parent compound?
A
purine
19
Q
DNA contains the bases?
A
A, G, C, and T
20
Q
RNA contains the bases?
A
A, G, C, and U
21
Q
is formed by joining a carbon of the monosaccharide with a nitrogen atom of the base.
A
nucleoside
22
Q
A nucleoside is called an?
A
N-glycoside
23
Q
are used to number the carbons of the monosaccharide in a nucleoside.
A
Primes (‘)
24
Q
To name a nucleoside
derived from a pyrimidine base, use the suffix?
A
-idine
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To name a nucleoside derived from a purine base use the suffix
-osine
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If there is an OH group at C2, the sugar is?
Ribose
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if there is no OH group at C2, the sugar is?
Deoxyribose
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are formed by adding a phosphate group to the 5'-OH of a nucleoside.
Nucleotides
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are derived from ribose
Ribonucleotides
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are derived from 2-deoxyribose
deoxyribonucleotides
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Nucleic acids-both DNA and RNA-are polymers of nucleotides, formed by joining the 3-OH group of one nucleotide with the 5'-phosphate of a second nucleotide in a?
phosphodiester linkage
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The primary structure of a polynucleotide is the sequence of nucleotides that it contains. This sequence, which is determined by the identity of the bases, is unique to a nucleic acid. In DNA, the sequence of bases carries the genetic information of the?
organism
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are named by the sequence of the bases they contain, beginning at the 5' end and using the one-letter abbreviation for the bases.
Polynucleotides
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DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands that wind into a right-handed?
double helix
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Our current understanding of the structure of DNA is based on the model proposed initially by?
James Watson and Francis Crick
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Our current understanding of the structure of DNA is based on the model proposed initially by James Watson and Francis Crick in what year?
1953
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lies on the outside of the helix
sugar-phosphate backbone
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lies on the inside, perpendicular to the axis of the helix.
bases
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is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the bases of the two DNA strands.
double helix
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Two bases hydrogen bond together in a predictable manner, forming?
complementary base pairs
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Adenine pairs with thymine using two hydrogen bonds, forming an?
A-T base pair
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Cytosine pairs with guanine using three hydrogen bonds, forming a?
C-G base pair
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the total DNA content of an individual-pack tightly into the nucleus of the cell.
human genome
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is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself when a cell divides.
Replication
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is the ordered synthesis of RNA from DNA. In this process, the genetic information stored in DNA is passed into RNA.
Transcription
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is the synthesis of proteins from RNA. In this process, the genetic message contained in RNA: determines the specific amino acid sequence of a protein.
Translation
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Each chromosome contains many
genes
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Unwinding breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of the double helix together. Once bases have been exposed on the unwound strands of DNA, what enzyme catalyzes the replication process using the four nucleoside triphosphates. (derived from the bases A, T, G, and C) that are available in the nucleus.
DNA polymerase
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Replication proceeds along both strands of unwound DNA. The leading strand grows continuously, while the lagging strand must be synthesized in what fragments? that are joined together by a DNA ligase enzyme.
Okazaki fragment
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Unwinds a portion of the DNA double helix.
Helicase
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Attaches RNA primers to the replicating strand.
RNA Primase
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Binds to the 5' - 3' strand in order to bring nucleotides and create the daughter leading strand.
DNA Polymerase delta
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Binds to the 3' - 5' strand in order to create discontinuous segments starting from different RNA primers.
DNA Polymerase epsilon
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Finds and removes the RNA primers.
Exonuclease
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Exonuclease are also called?
DNA Polymerase I
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replaces T (thymine) as one of the bases in RNA
U (uracil)
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Although RNA contains a single strand, the chain can fold back on itself, forming loops, and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between paired bases on a single strand can form?
helical regions
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There are three different types of RNA molecules:
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Transfer RNA (TRNA)
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the most abundant type of RNA
Ribosomal RNA
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is found in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each ribosome is composed of one large subunit and one small subunit that contain both RNA and protein. It provides the site where polypeptides are assembled during protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA
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RNA provides the site where? are assembled during protein synthesis.
polypeptides
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is the carrier of information from DNA (in the cell nucleus) to the ribosomes (in the cytoplasm).
Messenger RNA
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the smallest type of RNA
Transfer RNA
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interprets the genetic information in mRNA and brings specific amino acids to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome.
Transfer RNA
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Each amino acid is recognized by one or more tRNA molecules, which contain?
70-90 nucleotides
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RNAs have two important sites:
- acceptor stem
- anticodon
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The 3 end, called the?, always contains the nucleotides ACC and has a free OH group that binds a specific amino acid.
acceptor stem
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Each tRNA also contains a sequence of three nucleotides called an?, which is complementary to three bases in an mRNA molecule, and identifies what amino acid must be added to a growing polypeptide chain.
anticodon
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The conversion of the information in DNA to the synthesis of proteins begins with? — that is, the synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA.
transcription
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is the strand of DNA used for RNA synthesis.
template strand
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Once the genetic information of DNA has been transcribed in a messenger RNA molecule, RNA can direct the synthesis of an individual protein. How can RNA, which is composed of only four different nucleotides, direct the synthesis of polypeptides that are formed from 20 different amino acids? The answer lies in the?
genetic code
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A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) codes for a specific amino acid.
Genetic Code
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A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) codes for a specific amino acid. Each triplet is called a?
codon
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How many codons code for specific amino acids?
64
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Three codons-UAA, UAG, and UGA-do not correspond to any amino acids; they are called?
stop codons
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What are the three condons that do not correspond to any amino acids; they are called stop codons
1. UAA
2. UAG
3. UGA
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They signal the termination of protein synthesis.
Stop codon
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the first triplet codes are?
N-terminal
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The last triplet codes are?
C-terminal
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contains the sequence of codons that determines the order of amino acids in the protein.
mRNA
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bring specific amino acids to add to the peptide chain
Individual tRNA
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contains binding sites that provide the platform on which protein synthesis occurs
rRNA
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Each individual tRNA contains an? of three nucleotides that is complementary to the codon in mRNA and identifies individual amino acids.
anticodon
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There are three stages in translation:
1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination
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The protein is synthesized during?
elongation
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One by one a tRNA with its designated amino acid binds to a site on the ribosome adjacent to the first tRNA. A peptide bond forms and a tRNA is released. The ribosome shifts to the next codon and the process continues.
elongation
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occurs when a stop codon is reached. The synthesis is complete and the protein is released from the complex.
Termination
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is a change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of DNA.
mutation
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What will happen if the mutation occurs in a nonreproductive cell?
the mutation is passed on to daughter cells within the organism, but is not transmitted to the next generation
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What will happen if the mutation occurs in an egg or sperm cell?
it is passed on to the next generation of an organism
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chemical substances that alter the structure of DNA.
mutagens
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Exposure to high-energy radiation such as X-rays or ultraviolet light can also produce?
mutations
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is the substitution of one nucleotide for another.
point mutation
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occurs when one or more nucleotides is lost from a DNA molecule.
deletion mutation
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The sequence CTT in DNA is transcribed to the codon GAA in mRNA, and using Table 5.4, this triplet codes for the amino acid glutamic acid. If a point mutation replaces CTT by CTC in DNA, CTC is transcribed to the codon GAG in mRNA. Since GAG codes for the same amino acid-glutamic acid—this mutation does not affect the protein synthesized by this segment of DNA. Such a mutation is said to be?
silent
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A mutation can have a? effect on an organism.
negligible, minimal, or catastrophic
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This means the mutation doesn't really change much for the organism. It might be like having a tiny scratch that doesn't bother you much.
Negligible
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the mutation might cause a small change, but it's not really harmful or helpful. It's like getting a new freckle on your skin.
Minimal
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This is the big one. The mutation can cause serious harm or even death to the organism. It's like a big storm that wrecks everything in its path.
Catastrophic
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is now routinely used as a method of identification.
DNA fingerprinting
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The DNA is cut into fragments with various enzymes and the fragments are separated by size using a technique called?
gel electrophoresis
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DNA fragments can be visualized on X-ray film after they react with?
radioactive probe.
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DNA fragments can be visualized on X-ray film after they react with o radioactive probe. The result is an image consisting of a set of?
horizontal bands
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How to compare the DNA of different individuals?
samples are placed next to each other on the same gel and the position of the horizontal bands compared.
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is an infectious agent consisting of a DNA or RNA molecule that is contained within a protein coating.
virus
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Since a virus contains no enzymes or free nucleotides of its own, it is incapable of?
replicating
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is an inactive form of a virus that causes an individual's immune system to produce antibodies to the virus to ward off infection.
vaccine
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A virus that contains a core of RNA is called a?
retrovirus
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Once a retrovirus invades a host organism, it must first make DNA by a process called?
reverse transcription
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AIDS meaning?
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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HIV Meaning?
human immunodeficiency virus
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is caused by HIV
AIDS
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This virus weakens our body's defense system, making it hard to fight off sickness.
AIDS
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How is HIV spread?
HIV is spread by direct contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected individual.
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act as enzyme inhibitors that prevent viral RNA from synthesizing needed proteins.
protease inhibitors such as amprenavir
116
Other drugs are designed to interfere with reverse transcription, an essential biochemical process unique to the virus. Two drugs in this category are?
AZT (azidodeoxy-thymidine) and ddi (dideoxyinosine).
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Adds phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate - sugar backbone.
DNA Ligase
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Remove wrong nucleotides from the daughter strands.
Nucleases
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The translation of the information in messenger RNA to protein synthesis occurs in the?
ribosomes
120
consists of the binding of the ribosomal subunits to mRNA and the arrival of the first tRNA carrying its amino acid.
Initiation
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Translation always begins at the codon
AUG
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occurs when one or more nucleotides is added to a DNA molecule.
insertion mutation
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When a mutation causes a protein deficiency or results in a defective protein and the condition is inherited from one generation to another, what is the result?
genetic disease
