Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Question 1

Glycolysis derived from the Greek
stem glyk- , meaning?

Answer 1

sweet

Question 2

Glycolysis derived from the Greek word lysis, meaning?

Answer 2

dissolution

Question 3

There are two types of glycolysis:

Answer 3

aerobic glycolysis and anaerobic

Question 4

which require oxygen

Answer 4

aerobic glycolysis

Question 5

which doesn’t require oxygen

Answer 5

anaerobic

Question 6

is at the hub of carbohydrate metabolism because virtually all sugars can ultimately be converted into glucose.

Answer 6

Glycolysis

Question 7

Two Phases of Glycolysis:

Answer 7

1. Preparatory phase
2. Payoff phase

Question 8

The process of glycolysis involves breaking down six-carbon glucose into two three carbon pyruvate molecules in 10 steps, with the first 5 being the preparatory phase.

Answer 8

Preparatory phase

Question 9

is used during the preparation phase of glycolysis to increase the free energy content of the intermediates and transform the
carbon chains of all metabolized hexoses into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

phase of glycolysis is when the energy gain occurs.

Answer 10

Payoff phase

Question 11

In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is activated for subsequent reactions by its phosphorylation at C-6 to
yield glucose 6-phosphate, with ATP as the phosphoryl donor.

Answer 11

Phosphorylation of Glucose

Question 12

catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate, an aldose, to fructose 6-phosphate, a ketose.

Answer 12

phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 13

catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate to yield fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Answer 13

phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Question 14

The enzyme fructose 1,6- bisphosphate aldolase, often called simply?

Answer 14

aldolase

Question 15

catalyzes a reverse aldol
condensation.

Answer 15

aldolase

Question 16

is cleaved to yield two different triose phosphates

Answer 16

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Question 17

Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate is cleaved to yield two different triose phosphates, namely:

Answer 17

1. glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate
   (an aldose)
2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
   (a ketose)

Question 18

can be directly degraded in the subsequent steps of glycolysis.

Answer 18

glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

Question 19

is immediately and reversibly converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the fifth enzyme of the glycolytic sequence, triose
phosphate isomerase.

Answer 19

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 20

dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is immediately and reversibly converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the fifth enzyme of the glycolytic sequence?

Answer 20

triose phosphate isomerase.

Question 21

First step in the payoff phase is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to?

Answer 21

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Question 22

first step in the payoff phase is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, catalyzed by?

Answer 22

glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase.

Question 23

The enzyme? transfers the highenergy phosphoryl group from the carboxyl group of 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate to ADP , forming ATP and 3- phosphoglycerate.

Answer 23

phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 24

The enzyme ? catalyzes a reversible shift of the phosphoryl group between C-2 and C-3 of glycerate; Mg2+ is essential for this reaction.

Answer 24

phosphoglycerate mutase

Question 25

promotes reversible removal of a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to yield phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).

Answer 25

enolase

Question 26

The last step in glycolysis is the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP , catalyzed by?

Answer 26

pyruvate kinase

Question 27

is a near-universal pathway by which a glucose molecule is oxidized

Answer 27

Glycolysis

Question 28

is the process of glucose and glycogen biosynthesis from noncarbohydrate sources.

Answer 28

Gluconeogenesis

Question 29

The important precursors of glucose in animals are three-carbon compounds such as?

Answer 29

lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol as well as certain amino acids

Question 30

A versatile biological molecule that consists of three carbon atoms and two functional groups - a carboxylate and a ketone group.

Answer 30

Pyruvate

Question 31

a versatile biological molecule that consists of three carbon atoms and two functional groups

Answer 31

1. carboxylate 2. ketone group

Question 32

is a product of anaerobic glycolysis.

Answer 32

Lactate

Question 33

comes from adipose tissue lipolysis.

Answer 33

Glycerol

Question 34

serve as substrates for endogenous glucose production (gluconeogenesis) in the liver.

Answer 34

Amino Acids

Question 35

starts from simple organic compounds of two or three carbons, such as?

Answer 35

acetate, lactate, and propionate

Question 36

is converted to PEP or phosphoenolpyruvate via oxaloacetate in two steps catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (which uses ATP) and PEP carboxylkinase (which uses GTP).

Answer 36

pyruvate

Question 37

removes a phosphate group from fructose 1,6- bisphosphate, producing fructose 6-phosphate. In the third bypass, glucose 6-phosphatase converts glucose 6- phosphate to glucose.

Answer 37

FBPase-1