Fatty Acid Metabolism

Question 1

are building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids.

Answer 1

Fatty acids

Question 2

They are important
components of the biological membrane and are amphipathic molecules.

Answer 2

Fatty acids

Question 3

Fatty acids are considered as fuel
molecules in the form of?

Answer 3

triacylglycerols

Question 4

triacylglycerols is an esterified fatty acid along with glycerol which is
stored in?

Answer 4

adipose cells

Question 5

are organic molecules consisting of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

Answer 5

Fatty acids

Question 6

Fatty acids are organic molecules consisting of a long hydrocarbon chain with a? At one end

Answer 6

carboxyl group

Question 7

are the building blocks of fat in our bodies and the food we consume

Answer 7

Fatty acids

Question 8

During
digestion, the body converts fats into fatty acids, which are then absorbed into the?

Answer 8

bloodstream

Question 9

Fatty acid molecules are typically joined in groups of three to form a molecule known as?

Answer 9

triglyceride

Question 10

The fatty acid is saturated if their are?

Answer 10

No double bond

Question 11

the fatty acid is polyunsaturated if?

Answer 11

there are two or more double bonds,

Question 12

the fatty acid is monounsaturated if?

Answer 12

There is one double bond

Question 13

If there are no double bonds in the carbon chain of fatty acid?

Answer 13

it is saturated.

Question 14

If there are one or more double bonds in the carbon chain?

Answer 14

it is unsaturated

Question 15

Short-chain fatty acids:

Answer 15

up to 6 carbon atoms

Question 16

Medium-chain fatty acids:

Answer 16

8 to 12 carbon atoms

Question 17

Long-chain fatty acids:

Answer 17

14 to 18 carbon atoms

Question 18

Very long-chain fatty acids:

Answer 18

20 carbon atoms and up

Question 19

They have hydroxyl, keto, and epoxy groups; ricinoleic acid, the
main fatty acid in castor oil, is an example.

Answer 19

Oxygenated fatty acids

Question 20

They have a cyclic unit with three, five, or even six carbon atoms, similar
to prostaglandins.

Answer 20

Cyclic fatty acids

Question 21

Fatty acid composition affects membrane fluidity and permeability,
impacting cellular processes and protein function.

Answer 21

Membrane Function

Question 22

Fatty acids are stored as?

Answer 22

triglycerides

Question 23

Fatty acids and their derivatives regulate physiological processes,
including inflammation and gene expression, by acting as?

Answer 23

signaling molecules

Question 24

modulate metabolic pathways directly and indirectly,
affecting insulin sensitivity and energy balance.

Answer 24

Fatty acids

Question 25

serve as precursors for steroid hormone synthesis, influencing metabolic, immune, and reproductive functions.

Answer 25

Fatty acids

Question 26

is the metabolic process that produces fatty acids from excess carbohydrates.

Answer 26

De Novo Lipogenesis

Question 27

The primary site of the de novo synthesis of fatty acids is at the?

Answer 27

cytosol

Question 28

In the human body, this pathway of de novo synthesis is primarily active in?

Answer 28

liver and adipose tissue

Question 29

The first and foremost controlling step involved in fatty acid biosynthesis is the production of?

Answer 29

malonyl-CoA

Question 30

is a series of chemical reactions that moves citrate out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis.

Answer 30

citrate shuttle

Question 31

is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA in the presence of ATP

Answer 31

acetyl-CoA

Question 32

enzyme complex produces fatty acids following the synthesis of malonyl-CoA. This multienzyme polypeptide complex, which includes the acyl carrier protein (ACP), links the individual enzymes necessary for fatty acid synthesis

Answer 32

The fatty acid synthase (FAS)

Question 33

The multienzyme complex includes 4′-phosphopantetheine, a form of the?

Answer 33

vitamin pantothenic acid

Question 34

contains a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid called palmitic acid

Answer 34

Palmitate

Question 35

which is the most common fatty acid found in palm oil

Answer 35

palmitic acid

Question 36

is a key hormone that stimulates fatty acid synthesis by promoting the transcription and activation of enzymes involved in lipogenesis, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).

Answer 36

Insulin

Question 37

inhibits lipogenesis by suppressing the activity of ACC and FAS.

Answer 37

Glucagon

Question 38

is a hormone that inhibits lipogenesis by reducing insulin secretion and activating hormone-sensitive lipase. The hormones promote the breakdown of triglycerides to release fatty acids for energy.

Answer 38

Epinephrine

Question 39

have a crucial role in regulating fatty acid synthesis by modulating enzyme activity, hormone secretion, and metabolic pathways.

Answer 39

Nutritional factors

Question 40

serves as a precursor for fatty acid synthesis

Answer 40

acetyl-CoA

Question 41

is significant for assembly and packaging of lipids into membrane structures and lipid droplets.

Answer 41

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 42

Lipids synthesized in the ER are further processed, modified, and packaged in the organelle before being transported to their final destinations.

Answer 42

Golgi apparatus

Question 43

Fatty acid oxidation, also known as?

Answer 43

beta-oxidation

Question 44

is a crucial metabolic process where fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. The process is named after the oxidation of the beta carbon in the fatty acid to a carbonyl group.

Answer 44

Fatty acid oxidation

Question 45

their production becomes more significant during fasting when peripheral tissues require additional energy

Answer 45

ketone bodies

Question 46

allows fatty acids to move across membranes down their concentration gradient, driven by the differences in concentration between the extracellular and intracellular environments

Answer 46

Passive diffusion

Question 47

involves the assistance of membrane-bound proteins such as fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), which enhance the rate of fatty acid transport across the membrane

Answer 47

Facilitated diffusion

Question 48

play a crucial role in intracellular fatty acid trafficking and metabolism

Answer 48

fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs)

Question 49

the main cell type in the liver

Answer 49

hepatocytes

Question 50

In adipose tissue, triglycerides are synthesized and stored in specialized cells called?

Answer 50

adipocytes

Question 51

is a powerful analytical technique used to separate and identify different fatty acids in a sample. It allows for the quantification of fatty acids and their metabolites in biological samples.

Answer 51

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)

Question 52

is another technique used to separate and analyze fatty acids. It involves vaporizing the fatty acids and passing them through a column to separate them based on their physical properties.

Answer 52

Gas Chromatography (GC)

Question 53

involves introducing isotopically labeled fatty acids into the study subjects or samples. This technique allows for the tracking of fatty acid metabolism and turnover rates.

Answer 53

Stable isotope labeling