ENERGY AND METABOLISM

Question 1

Two types of metabolic processes in our bodies:

Answer 1

1. Catabolism
2. Anabolism

Question 2

is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is generally released during catabolism.

Answer 2

Catabolism

Question 3

is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. Energy is generally absorbed during anabolism.

Answer 3

Anabolism

Question 4

The oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H₂O) is an example of?

Answer 4

catabolism

Question 5

the synthesis of a protein from component amino acids is an example of?

Answer 5

anabolism

Question 6

An organized series of consecutive reactions that converts a starting material to a final product is called a?

Answer 6

metabolic pathway

Question 7

Is a sequence of chemical reactions that begins with a starting molecule and ends with a product.

Answer 7

metabolic pathway

Question 8

Catabolism breaks down?

Answer 8

carbohydrates

Question 9

The cytoplasm, the region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus, contains various specialized structures called?

Answer 9

organelles

Question 10

are small sausage-shaped organelles in which energy production takes place.

Answer 10

Mitochondria

Question 11

Mitochondria contain an?

Answer 11

outer membrane and an inner membrane

Question 12

The area between these two membranes is called the?

Answer 12

Intermembrane space

Question 13

the area surrounded by the Intermembrane of the mitochondria.

Answer 13

matrix

Question 14

The catabolism of food begins with?

Answer 14

digestion

Question 15

is catalyzed by enzymes in the saliva, stomach, and small intestines

Answer 15

Digestion

Question 16

Monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids are degraded into?

Answer 16

acetyl groups (CH3CO)

Question 17

The citric acid cycle is based in the?

Answer 17

mitochondria

Question 18

In this biochemical cycle, the acetyl groups of acetyl CoA are oxidized to?

Answer 18

carbon dioxide

Question 19

Within the mitochondria, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produce?

Answer 19

ATP–adenosine 5’-triphosphate

Question 20

the primary energy-carrying molecule in metabolic pathways.

Answer 20

ATP–adenosine 5’-triphosphate

Question 21

is the capacity to cause change

Answer 21

Energy

Question 22

is energy associated with motion

Answer 22

Kinetic energy

Question 23

is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Answer 23

Heat (thermal energy)

Question 24

is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Answer 24

Potential energy

Question 25

is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Answer 25

Chemical energy

Question 26

is the study of energy transformations

Answer 26

Thermodynamics

Question 27

are open systems

Answer 27

Organisms

Question 28

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe is?

Answer 28

constant

Question 29

can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 29

Energy

Question 30

The first law of thermodynamics is also called the?

Answer 30

principle of conservation of energy

Question 31

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

Answer 31

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 32

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the?

Answer 32

entropy (disorder)

Question 33

is a measure of disorder, or randomness

Answer 33

Entropy

Question 34

is a measure of a system’s instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state

Answer 34

Free energy

Question 35

is a state of maximum stability

Answer 35

Equilibrium

Question 36

A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward?

Answer 36

equilibrium

Question 37

Cells are not?; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials

Answer 37

equilibrium

Question 38

is a nucleoside triphosphate formed adding three phosphates to the 5'-OH group of adenosine, a nucleoside compose of the sugar ribose and the base adenine

Answer 38

ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate

Question 39

is a nucleoside diphosphate formed by adding two phosphates to the 5'-OH group of adenosine.

Answer 39

ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate

Question 40

The three types of cellular work:

Answer 40

mechanical, transport, and chemical

Question 41

are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP.

Answer 41

mechanical, transport, and chemical

Question 42

In the cell, the energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an?

Answer 42

endergonic reaction

Question 43

ATP drives endergonic reactions by?

Answer 43

phosphorylation

Question 44

transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant. The recipient molecule is now called a?

Answer 44

phosphorylated intermediate