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HLTH 331 > Energy Balance and Appetite > Flashcards

Energy Balance and Appetite Flashcards

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1
Q

1 g of CHO is how many kcals?

A

4 kcals

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2
Q

1 g of Fat is how many kcals?

A

9 kcals

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3
Q

1g of Protein is how many kcals?

A

4 kcals

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4
Q

1g of alcohol is how many kcals?

A

7 kcals, but noting good/it is toxic

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5
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate accounts for what percentage of calories out?

A

65%

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6
Q

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis accounts for what percentage of calories out?

A

20%

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7
Q

Exercise activity thermogenic accounts for what percentage of calories out?

A

10%

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8
Q

Thermic effect of feeding for what percentage of calories out?

A

5%

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9
Q

What is resting energy expenditure (RER)

A

Amount of energy required by the body in resting condition

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10
Q

Conditions for measurements for RER

A
  1. Fasted 3-4 hours
  2. Doesn’t need to be measured following sleep
  3. No Exercise for 12 hours to test
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11
Q

RER is typically what percentage higher or lower compared to BMR

A

10% higher

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12
Q

RER or BMR more accurate?

A

BMR but more restrictive conditions

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13
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

Amount of energy needed to maintain basic life metabolic processes at rest

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14
Q

What are the conditions for calculating BMR

A
  1. Overnight fast (12 hours)
  2. Measured in the morning following sleep
  3. No Exercise for 24 hours prior to test
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15
Q

What 5 factors effect BMR?

A
  1. Sex
  2. Free Fatty mass (More Musclez)
  3. Age
  4. pregnancy
  5. NOT Food
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16
Q

What is the thermic effect of food?

A

Reflects the energy cost (burned) during food digestion, absorption, and storage

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17
Q

What nutrient has the highest therogenic effect?

A

Protein

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18
Q

Physical Activity for energy includes what 2 things?

A

All exercises and non-exercising activities associated with daily living

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19
Q

NEAT

A

Portion of daily energy expenditure resulting from spontaneous physical activity that is not the result of voluntary exercise

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20
Q

EAT

A

Number of calories burned when engaging in purposeful excerise

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21
Q

1 hour of intense exercise is how many kcal?

A

800-1000 kcal

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22
Q

What is Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)

A

Ratio of the rate of energy expended during an activity to the rate of energy expended at rest

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23
Q

What is 1 Met

A

The amount of O2 consumed while sitting at rest
~3.5mL/kg/min

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24
Q

Is the the response of human energy expenditure to increased PA additive or constrained?

A

It can be both but can be constrained
-Naturally reduced RMR+DIT+Other because tired and sit after a workout = Not getting steps in

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25
Why are people getting fatter x3
1)Energy IN has increased over time 2)Energy OUT has decreased over time (less manual labour) 3)PA is being engineered out of society
26
There as been a____% increase in calorie intake since 1961
24%
27
What percentage of the Canadian diet is processed and ready-to-eat foods?
62%
28
What is obesity?
A progressive chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health
29
What is obesity associated with?
T2D High BP Heart Disease Stroke Arthritis Cancer Etc
30
True or False PA can stop negative effects determined by BMI
True, a BMI may be high but PA can eliminate the effects
31
What is BMI?
Universal definition of overweight and obesity
32
Underweight BMI and Risk
Less than 18.5 kg/m2 Increased
33
Normal Weight BMI and Risk
18.5-24.9 kg/m2 Least
34
Overweight BMI and Risk
25.9-29.9 kg/m2 Increased
35
Obese Class 1 and Risk
30-34.9 kg/m2 High
36
Obese Class II and Risk
35.0 -39.9 kg/m2 Very High
37
Obese Class III and Risk
Greater or equal to 40 kg/m2 Extremely High
38
Body Mass Limitations x3
1. Body Composition 2. Fat Distribution 3. Ethnic Groups and Age
39
Why is BMI used?
Easy to Use and Calculate Limited time in society
40
Odds ratio was higher for Low BMI and High PMF or High BMI and low PBF
High BMI and Low PBF
41
Direct methods (gold standards) for measuring body composition
MRI CT DXA
42
Indirect Methods for Measuring Body composition Lab Based
Hydrostaic Weighting BodPod
43
Indirect Methods for measuring body composition Field Based
Skinfolds BIA
44
DEXA Cost Time Technician Skill Subject Comfort Error
High ~30 Min High Mod-High 1.2%
45
MRI/CT Cost Time Technician Skill Subject Comfort Error
High ~10-45min High Moderate ~1.2%
46
Hydrostatic Weighing Cost Time Technician Skill Subject Comfort Error
High 30-60 min High Low 2.3%-2.8%
47
BodPod Cost Time Technician Skill Subject Comfort Error
High 10 min Med Mod 2-3%
48
SKF Cost Time Technician Skill Subject Comfort Error
Low 10-30min High Low 3-3.5%
49
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Cost Time Technician Skill Subject Comfort Error
Low 5min Low High 3-3.5%
50
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue is what % of total body fat
Over 80% of total body fat
51
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue stores what
Energy
52
What tissue is responsible for adrenergic stimulation and endocrine regulation (Adrenaline)
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
53
Where is Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue found?
Glutes, Thighs, Stomach
54
What % of body fat is Visceral Adipose Tissue?
5-20%
55
What is the role of Visceral Adipose Tissue?
Protects Organs
56
Why is excess amounts of Visceral Adipose Tissue fat?
Secretes pro-inflammatory Cytokines
57
Visceral obesity is associated with what
Metabolic Abnormalities -Increased risk of T2D and Coronary heart disease
58
What may mediate insulin resistance?
Visceral Adipose Tissue
59
Whatt issue is most sensitive to exercise and alc?
visceral Adipose Tissue
60
Men or Women have more obesity
Men
61
Men or Women have more VAT fat
MEN
62
Women or Men have more Subcutaneous Fat
Women
63
Men accumulate Fat where?
Central Adiposity Android Obesity
64
Women accumulate fat where?
Lower body fat accumulation Gynoid Obesity
65
True or False a diet high in added sugar or other processed carbs should have no special adverse effects of metabolism or body composition after considering total calorie consumption.
True Calorie is just a calorie
66
Higher glucose oxidation occurs with a proteins or fat
Protiens
67
What is the conventional model for weight gain? Calorie is Just a Calorie
Overeating increases energy intake and accompanied by decreased energy expenditure, increases circulating metabolic fuels (glucose and lipids) and increase fat storage (anabolic adipose)
67
Explain the CHO-Insulin Model Calorie is NOT just a calorie
CHO intake increases insulin secretion, which increases fat storage (anabolic adipose), which decreases circulating metabolic fuels (glucose and lipids) and increases hunger Hunger results in increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure -increasing weight so carbs increase weight gain by increasing hunger
67
Carb and Fat intake has remained the same despite population weight gain?
True
68
A Reduced Carb diet had what effect on Fat Oxidation calorie on calorie compared to RF
Increased Fat Oxidation
68
A reduced fat diet had what effect on oxidation calorie on calorie compared to RC
No effect on oxidation
69
For a cumulative effect of body fat loss one should use a RF or RC diet
RF
70
What diet RF or RC decreases energy expenditure
RC
71
What are processed foods typically made of?
Hydrogenated Oils High Fructose Corn Syrup Flavouring Agents and Emulsifers NO FIBRE
72
Why may processed foods increase weight gain compared to unprocessed foods
Fibre = Hunger and there is limited fibre in processed foods.
73
Ad libtum how many more calories were consumed on a ultra processed diet compared to unprocessed
500kcal
74
By 2030 what percentage of the US will be obese
50% obese Greater the 50% obese in 29 states 25% will have severe obesity greater the 25% in 25 states
75
What physiological components control energy intake
1)Afferent peripheral hormonal testing (appetite vs anorexigenic) 2)Central Integrationon 3)Efferent Signaling 4)Behaviour Change
76
Appetite Inhibiting Hormones x5
CKK PYY (intestine) GLP-1 (intestine) PP (pancreas) Leptin (adipose tissue)
77
Appetite simulating hormones
Ghrelin (stomach)
78
Tonic Appetite Signals are based on what
Body Composition Fat mass and Fat-Free Mass
79
What is Orexigenic hormone
Appetite
80
Anorexigenic means
Satiety
81
Neuropeptides of Orexigenic
NPY AgRP
82
Neuropeptides for anorexigenic hormones
POMC- alpha-MSH CART
83
Hormones go to what part of the brain
ARC Articulate Nucleus (produces the neuropeptides)
84
What is the role of the vagus nerve
1)Important source of indirect neuronal stimulation 2)Composed of efferent/afferent sensory fibres (goes both ways) 3)May be involved directly with the CNS or indirectly with peripheral peptides
85
Exercise intensity has what relationship with ghrelin post exercise
Higher intensity = decreased grhelin
86
Exercise intensity has what relationship with appetite post exercise
Appetite decrease with intensity
87
What is the relationship between lactate and appetite and grhelin
Increase lactate = longer suppression of appetite and ghrelin
88
What training should you do to reduce appetite
Interval Training
89
How is exercise different in women for appetite reduction
When in the menstrual phase, extra hormones act a a prohibitor to energy out= weight gain Grehlin is decreased

HLTH 331 (7 decks)

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