Fatty Acids

Question 1

What are fatty acids stored as?

Answer 1

Triglyceride

Question 2

What are triglycerides made up of?

Answer 2

1 Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 3

How many bonds is saturated?

Answer 3

1 (tight)

Question 4

What EAA is omega-6 fatty acid

Answer 4

Linoleic Acid

Question 5

What EAA is omega-3 fatty acid

Answer 5

Alpha-Linolenic acid

Question 6

Linoleic acids are commonly found in what food sources

Answer 6

Plants

Question 7

Linoleic Acid (LA) is found in what

Answer 7

Veggie and Safflower Oil

Question 8

a-Linoleic Acid (ALA) is found where

Answer 8

Green leafy veggies
Flax and Chia Seeds
Canola, Walnut and Soybean oils

Question 9

EPA and DHA are what type of fatty acid?

Answer 9

Omega-3

Question 10

EPA and DHA are found from what source?

Answer 10

Marine
-oily fish
-krill oil
-algae oil

Question 11

Unsaturated has what type of bond?

Answer 11

Double Bonds

Question 12

What type of fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid where the first double bond is between 3rd and 4th carbon atom of the methyl/omega end of the fatty acid?

Answer 12

Omega-3

Question 13

What are omega-3 s

Answer 13

ALA
DHA
EPA

Question 14

What are omega 6

Answer 14

Linolenic Acid

Question 15

EPA carbons, double bonds

Answer 15

20:5 n-3
20 Carbons
5 DB
First DB at C3

Question 16

DHA carbons, double bonds

Answer 16

22:6 n-3
22 carbon
6 DB
First DB at C3

Question 17

ALA carbons, double bonds

Answer 17

18:3
18 carbons
3 DB
First DB at C3

Question 18

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acids where the first double bond is located between 6th and 7th carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid

Answer 18

Omega-6

Question 19

Linoleic Acid (LA) carbons and double bonds?

Answer 19

18:2 n-6
18 carbons
2 double bonds
First DB at C6

Question 20

Arachidonic Acid (AA) carbons and DB?

Answer 20

Omega
20:4 n-6
20 carbons
4 DB
First DB at C6

Question 21

Can humans synthesize longer omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids from the EAA?

Answer 21

Yes through a series of desaturation and elongation reactions

LA goes up (6)
ALA goes u[ to EPA then DHA (3)

Question 22

Desaturation

Answer 22

Addition of a double bond between 2 carbon atoms

Question 23

Elongation

Answer 23

Addition of two carbon atoms

Question 24

3 Roles of Omega-3 x3

Answer 24

Components of Phospholipids (increase membrane order)
Precursors for anti-inflam molecules
Cardiovascilar benefits

Question 25

What are the 3 anti-inflam molecules

Answer 25

Resolvins Protectins Maresins

Question 26

RDS or AI for ALA

Answer 26

AI adequate intake

Question 27

AI ALA 0-12 month

Answer 27

0.5g/day

Question 28

AI ALA 1-3 years

Answer 28

0.7g/day

Question 29

AI ALA 4-8 years

Answer 29

0.8 g/day

Question 30

AI ALA 9-13 boys

Answer 30

1.2 g/day

Question 31

AI ALA 9-13 girls

Answer 31

1.0 g/day

Question 32

AI ALA 14-18 boys

Answer 32

1.6 g/day

Question 33

AI ALA 14-18 girls

Answer 33

1.1 g/day

Question 34

Adults AI ALA 19+ men

Answer 34

1.6 g/day

Question 35

Adult AI ALA 19+ Women

Answer 35

1.1 g/day

Question 36

American Heart Association servings of oily fish per week?

Answer 36

2 servings

Question 37

What is the omega-3 index?

Answer 37

The level of EPA and DHA is erythrocyte phospholipids to determine the risk for coronary heart disease

Question 38

Less than 4% on omega 3 index?

Answer 38

High risk

Question 39

4-8% on omega 3 index?

Answer 39

Moderate Risk

Question 40

Greater than 8% on omega 3 index?

Answer 40

Lowest risk

Question 41

Is the omega 3 index reliable why or why not x2?

Answer 41

Not really Low-level evidence -Case-control studies (correlative) -Risk categories may not generalize to other population

Question 42

Primary versus secondary prevention

Answer 42

Primary is the usual risk pop Secondary is known risk (ESTABLISHED)

Question 43

What have new studies shown about omega-3 in CHD?

Answer 43

Those who have CHD have shown more benefit with omega -3

Question 44

What is the servings per week based new research?

Answer 44

1.5 servings/week -more risk = more benefoit

Question 45

Cochrane review is what and proved what in omega-3 use?

Answer 45

Gold Standard , most recent meta-analysis No change in recommendations regarding supplementations

Question 46

Omega-3 Literatrure limitation x4

Answer 46

1)Support for omega-2 benefit comes from low quality studies -Cross sectional and case control are the most (highest are systematic and meta-analysis) 2)Issue with control pills (strong fishy taste and can tell the difference) 3)Analyses are not controlled (protien consumption, education, Social ecnomci status) 4)Generalizability -Secondary prevention populations usually tested (compared to somebody who is active) -No standard dose (EPA and DHA have different effects)

Question 47

Omega-3 increased EPA and DHA composition in what after 2 weeks? and what is the benefit

Answer 47

Skeletal Muscle -Increases membrane order (sensitizes to EAA, increasing AA) EPA -Increases Mitochondria and therefore enegry (glucose) DHA

Question 48

The increases AA and Insulin (due to glucose) infusion as a result of omega-3 (fish oil) does what?

Answer 48

Increases muscle protein synthesis

Question 49

In what age group do we see omega-3 increases skeletal muscle mass and strength

Answer 49

Older adults -Increased mito gene expression Given krill Oil

Question 50

Omega-3 fatty acid enhance exercised-induced increases in muscle QUALITY in who?

Answer 50

Older WOMEN NOT MEN

Question 51

Omega-3 fatty acids of what amount may contribute to muscle mass gain and improved walking speed?

Answer 51

2g/day

Question 52

True or False Omega-3 fatty acids intake can have a protecting effect against muscle DISUSE atrophy

Answer 52

True