Energy balance and substrate metabolism

Question 1

How can energy balance be altered?

Answer 1

Changing energy intake or expenditure

Question 2

Positive energy balance?

Answer 2

More in than out

Question 3

Negative energy balance?

Answer 3

More out than in

Question 4

How to increase energy balance?

Answer 4

Increase intake/decrease expenditure

Question 5

How to decrease energy balance?

Answer 5

Decrease intake/increase expenditure

Question 6

What components of energy intake are there?

Answer 6

Carbs, fat, protein, alcohol

Question 7

Components of energy expenditure?

Answer 7

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE)

Question 8

What is RMR?

Answer 8

Resting metabolic rate–> the energy needed to keep us alive

Question 9

What is DIT?

Answer 9

Energy used to digest, absorb and metabolise the food we have eaten

Question 10

What is PAEE?

Answer 10

Energy used by muscles when they produce force

Question 11

Two main energy stores?

Answer 11

Carbs and fat

Question 12

Which energy store can store more energy (fat or carbs)?

Answer 12

Fat

Question 13

Where can fat be stored?

Answer 13

Blood, muscle and adipose tissue

Question 14

Where is the largest method of storing fat?

Answer 14

Adipose tissue

Question 15

How much fat (in kcal) can be stored?

Answer 15

> 100,000

Question 16

Where can carbohydrates be stored?

Answer 16

Blood, muscle, liver

Question 17

Where is the largest carbohydrate store?

Answer 17

Muscles

Question 18

In what form is the largest carbohydrate store kept?

Answer 18

Glycogen

Question 19

What is the relationship between endurance training status and amount of muscle glycogen that someone can store?

Answer 19

More endurance trained means ability to store more muscle glycogen

Question 20

How much carbs can the body store?

Answer 20

3200 kcal

Question 21

What is denovolipogenesis?

Answer 21

Conversion of non-fat sources to fat

Question 22

What happens if you have more than 3200kcal of carbs?

Answer 22

Denovolipogenesis

Question 23

What is leptin?

Answer 23

A hormone

Question 24

Role of leptin?

Answer 24

Regulates appetite

Question 25

What is the result of someone with leptin deficiency?

Answer 25

They gain a lot of non-lean body mass

Question 26

What kind of tissue releases leptin?

Answer 26

Fat tissue

Question 27

What happens to leptin secretion as a result of an increase in fat?

Answer 27

The fat tissue releases more leptin

Question 28

Cause of leptin deficiency?

Answer 28

Mutation in gene sequence coding for the leptin protein

Question 29

Main issue with measuring energy intake?

Answer 29

Observation effect--> when you know someone is observing you you modify your behaviour, reporting bias-->sometimes people underreport what they consume, participant recall--> people forget what theyve eaten

Question 30

Which kind of sports have the highest energy intake?

Answer 30

Endurance (cross country skiing, triathlon) and large muscle mass (rugby, bodybuilding)

Question 31

What is the energy density of protein?

Answer 31

4kcal/g

Question 32

What is the energy density of fat?

Answer 32

9kcal/g

Question 33

What is the energy density of carbohydrates?

Answer 33

4kcal/g

Question 34

What is the energy density of ethanol?

Answer 34

7kcal/g

Question 35

Difference in energy balance in high or low fat diet?

Answer 35

High fat diet leads to more fat balance (high +ve) than low fat diet (-ve) , difference is >400g

Question 36

What is the difference in calories consumed between high and low fat diets (mass of food consumed is same)?

Answer 36

High fat diets have a higher energy intake than low fat diets as fats are more energy dense than carbs

Question 37

What is most of the difference in energy balance between high and low fat diets caused by?

Answer 37

Energy density

Question 38

Which macronutrient is the most satiating?

Answer 38

Protein

Question 39

What is a preload drink?

Answer 39

A drink drunk before a large intake of energy (a meal)

Question 40

What happens to energy intake of a meal as the protein content of the preload drunk before increases?

Answer 40

It decreases