Exercise and the immune system 2 and

Question 1

Issues with the animal studies looking at effect of exercise on immune response?

Answer 1

They cant control for the stress response and other factors that arise in the animals as a result of the studies

Question 2

Why is salivary IgA used to observe the effect of exercise on immune function?

Answer 2

It is non invasive

Question 3

What was discovered regarding the Tomasi skiers IgA study?

Answer 3

Salivary IgA was reduced by 20% in cross country skiers after 2-3hrs of exercise

Question 4

What was the conclusion of the skiing study?

Answer 4

A temporary antibody deficiency in saliva might lead to an increase in susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections following strenuous exercise

Question 5

What was seen immediately post race in salivary IgA in the SA marathon study?

Answer 5

A sharp decrease in salivary IgA

Question 6

Was there a correlation between URTI symptoms and salivary IgA conc?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

What do most studies say about the effect of exercise on salivary IgA?

Answer 7

Exercise doesnt cause a decrease in IgA secretion

Question 8

What happens to the levels of salivary IgA levels in the absence of exercise?

Answer 8

It is very variable

Question 9

What are some factors that affect salivary IgA?

Answer 9

Diet, psychological stress, oral disease, menstrual cycle, medications, oral hygiene

Question 10

What is the blood immune response during exercise?

Answer 10

Increased levels of blood lymphocytes

Question 11

What is the blood immune response after exercise?

Answer 11

Decreased levels of blood lymphocytes (to lower levels than b4 exercise)

Question 12

Biphasic response of blood lymphocytes during and after exercise?

Answer 12

Increases during, sharply decreases after

Question 13

Which immune cell increases the most during exercise?

Answer 13

NK cells

Question 14

Which immune cell increases by the lowest amount during exercise?

Answer 14

CD4+ T cells

Question 15

Which type of immune cells increase the most during exercise?

Answer 15

cells with the greatest cytotoxic potential

Question 16

What happens to immune cells a few hours post exercise?

Answer 16

They gradually increase again back to normal levels

Question 17

Which organs had an increase in immune cells migrating to it in exercised mice?

Answer 17

Lungs, peyers patches (gut) and bone marrow

Question 18

What are some non-infectious reasons that someone may have URTI symptoms?

Answer 18

Asthma, airway epithelial trauma due to increased ventilation or exposure to cold air, allergy

Question 19

What are some viral related causes that might not be to do with catching the virus while exercising?

Answer 19

It is possible that viruses can be reactivated in someone’s body–> epstein barr virus, herpes

Question 20

What did Pedersen et al show regarding the effect of exercise on tumors?

Answer 20

Exercise can lead to tumor suppression in rodents

Question 21

What were the conditions of the running wheel experiment done by Pedersen et al?

Answer 21

Two groups of mice, one had access to a running wheel, one didn’t. Both were administered tumor cells

Question 22

Tumor size results of running wheel experiment done by Pedersen?

Answer 22

Group without access to a wheel had larger tumors (statistically significant) than the group that did have a wheel

Question 23

Immune cell results of wheel experiment done by Pedersen et al?

Answer 23

More CD3, CD8, CD4 and NK cells in group that had wheel access

Question 24

How was the effect of stress controlled for in the wheel study?

Answer 24

Propranolol was administered

Question 25

Effect of propanolol?

Answer 25

Beta blocker so blocked the effect of stress hormones

Question 26

What happened to the tumor size of the exercised mice once the effect of adrenaline was blocked?

Answer 26

It increased to the same size as non-exercised animals

Question 27

How does physical activity reduce risk of cancer?

Answer 27

Every time someone exercises immune cells are mobilised into the blood where they can go to tissues where they are needed, such as tumors

Question 28

How can in vivo immune responses be assessed in humans?

Answer 28

Via vaccination

Question 29

Conditions of Eskola study in 1978?

Answer 29

4 athletes ran a marathon distance and were immediately given tetanus vaccine. Blood was taken 15 days later to assess immune response

Question 30

Results of Eskolas marathon study?

Answer 30

Showed that running for 2.5 hrs doesnt suppress antibody responses, might actually enhance responses

Question 31

Groups in Kate Edwards study?

Answer 31

Exercise group exercised their upper arm eccentrically (to increase heart rate and damage and inflame tissues where the muscle would be administered) and control group who did nothing. Half of each group receive the full dose while the other half received a half dose (creating 4 groups)

Question 32

Why were half doses of the vaccine given to participants in Edwards study?

Answer 32

To mimic what happens in older age--> older people don't respond as well to vaccination

Question 33

Effects of exercise on full dose vaccine?

Answer 33

No benefits of exercise were observed for the full dose vaccine

Question 34

Effects of exercise on half dose vaccine?

Answer 34

Generally the exercise group responds better than the control group to the vaccine

Question 35

Why may exercise improve half dose vaccine response?

Answer 35

Increase in heart rate and thus blood flow to tissues

Question 36

Why would an increase in blood flow to tissues improve vaccine response?

Answer 36

better identification of antigens in vaccine, and increase in immune cell release into blood which would go to inflammation sites (i.e. where the vaccine is administered)

Question 37

How can inflammation increase vaccine response?

Answer 37

Inflammation attracts immune cells via the secretion of cytokines

Question 38

Which group could benefit from exercising before vaccination?

Answer 38

Older individuals

Question 39

What was the effect of a single bout of exercise in antibody responses in older adults?

Answer 39

No significant effect

Question 40

What is aging of the immune system known as?

Answer 40

Immunosenescence

Question 41

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 41

The thymus

Question 42

What are three components of the thymus?

Answer 42

Cortex, medulla, fat

Question 43

In which parts of the thymus do early T cells mature?

Answer 43

Cortex and medulla

Question 44

What happens to the size of the cortex and medulla of the thymus as you age from 18 ish?

Answer 44

They reduce

Question 45

What happens to the amount of fat in your thymus as you age?

Answer 45

It increases relatively and absolutely

Question 46

Where do stem cell progenitors arise from?

Answer 46

Bone marrow

Question 47

In what form do t cells enter the thymus?

Answer 47

Thymocytes or T cell precursors

Question 48

In what form do t cells leave the thymus?

Answer 48

Naive t cells

Question 49

Involution definition?

Answer 49

Shrinkage

Question 50

What happens to the amount of naive t cells as you age?

Answer 50

Decreases

Question 51

What happens to the amount of different memory t cells as you age?

Answer 51

Decreases (limited antigenic targets as you age)

Question 52

Which homing markers do naive t cells express?

Answer 52

CD62L, CCR7

Question 53

Which homing markers do senescent t cells not express?

Answer 53

CD62L, CCR7

Question 54

What are senescent t cells?

Answer 54

Older t cells

Question 55

Which differentiation markers do senescent t cells express?

Answer 55

CD57, KLRG1

Question 56

Which differentiation markers do naive t cells express?

Answer 56

CD27, CD28

Question 57

What was observed about the level of maintenance of naive CD8 t cells when aging in different fitness levels?

Answer 57

If VO2 max was higher, the maintenance of naive CD8 t cells in aging was better

Question 58

What generally happens to the amount of effector CD8 t cells as you age?

Answer 58

It increases

Question 59

What was seen regarding exercise effect on CD4 t cell count in older age?

Answer 59

More active people had more CD4 t cells when they are older

Question 60

Effect of exercise on amount of senescent t cells as you age?

Answer 60

More exercise generally leads to less of an accumulation of senescent t cells

Question 61

What effect did lifelong exercise have on the levels of IL6?

Answer 61

More exercise was correlated with lower levels of IL6

Question 62

What can IL7 do regarding muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 62

Promote it

Question 63

Effect of IL7 on immune cells?

Answer 63

naive t cells (CD4 and CD8) increase

Question 64

Effect of resistance exercise on IL7?

Answer 64

Increases it

Question 65

One possible mechanism behind exercise effect on senescent t cells?

Answer 65

Naive and senescent t cells in blood at rest, they are mobilized into the blood in response to exercise. Hours post exercise, the senescent cells are sent to the bone marrow where they receive pro apoptosis signals. This death creates space for new naive t cells to be produced