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HL22015 physiology > Exercise and cytokines 3.0 > Flashcards

Exercise and cytokines 3.0 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Inflammation definition?

A

a defensive process that a living body initiates against local tissue damage

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3
Q

What can cause inflammation?

A

Physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents

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4
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A

Onset of inflammation, onset of resolution and resolution

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5
Q

What happens in the onset of inflammation?

A

Identification of damage, production of proinflammatory mediators, vasodilation and recruitment of white blood cells

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6
Q

Cytokines present in early inflammation?

A

TNF-alpa, IL1

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7
Q

Cytokines present in resolution of inflammation?

A

IL-10

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8
Q

What occurs during the onset of resolution of inflammation?

A

down regulation of pro-inflammatory signals, up regulation of anti-inflammatory signals, destruction of infecte tissue, clotting factors

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9
Q

Role of clotting factors?

A

stop clotting

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10
Q

What occurs during the resolution of inflammation?

A

production of anti-inflammatory mediators, apoptosis of immune cells, vascular repair

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11
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

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12
Q

Outcome of increased blood flow?

A

Redness and heat

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13
Q

Outcome of accumulation of fluid?

A

swelling

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14
Q

Outcome of release of nerve stimulating chemicals?

A

pain

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15
Q

What are the 5 stages of inflammaiton resolution?

A

Removal of dead cells, restoration of vascular integrity, regeneration of tissue, remission of fever and relief of pain

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16
Q

Which biomarkers used to assess inflammation?

A

Acute phase proteins, cytokines

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17
Q

Which proteins increase or decrease in blood acutely in response to inflammation?

A

Acute phase proteins

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18
Q

What is an example of an acute phase protein?

A

CRP (C-reactive protein)

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19
Q

What is the role of CRP?

A

Helps clear dead cells

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20
Q

Where is CRP synthesised?

A

Liver

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21
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small (hormone like) acute phase proteins released by a variety of different cells

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22
Q

What does IL6 do in regards to CRP?

A

induces its release from the liver

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23
Q

Meaning of pleiotropic?

A

Affects many different cell types in different ways

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24
Q

Autocrine hormone?

Study These Flashcards
A

Acts on the cell it was released from

25
Paracrine action?
Acts on a nearby cell
26
Endocrine action?
Acts on a distant cell
27
IL8 role?
Chemokine--> a chemical that promotes chemotaxis
28
TNF-alpha role?
A pro-inflammatory cytokine that "ramps up" local inflammatory responses
29
IL1 role?
Affects nearly every cell type in the body, in synergy with TNF-alpha
30
Which cytokines are generally considered inflammatory?
IL8, TNF-alpha, IL1
31
Role of IL1RA?
Inhibition of IL1, so anti-inflammatory
32
Which cells produce IL-10?
macrophages, dendritic cells, t and b cells
33
Which cytokines are released near the beginning of infection?
TNF-alpha, IL1, IL8
34
Which cytokine is released in the middle of an infection?
IL6
35
Which cytokines are released at the end of an infection?
IL-1RA, IL-10
36
What is a bimodal response?
An acute spike followed by sustained elevation above baseline
37
What was observed in regard to IL6 levels and exercise?
A spike after exercise, followed by a maintained heightened level after the initial spike
38
What was initially thought to be the source of IL6? (THIS IS WRONG)
immune cells
39
What is eccentric exercise?
Uses target muscles to control a weight as it moves in a downward motion
40
Why is eccentric exercise used to assess the effect of muscle damage?
Eccentric exercise causes a lot of muscle damage in unaccustomed muscle compared to accustomed muscle, so they can be compared
41
What was observed in the 1999 study regarding IL6 and muscle damage?
There was no difference in IL6 released by muscles even when there were differences in the amount of muscle damage, thus muscle damage doesnt affect IL6
42
What was observed in the 2000 study regarding the absence of muscle damage on IL6?
IL6 release increased during exercise in the absence of muscle damage (as the exercise was only concentric)
43
How did the 2000 study show IL6 is produced as a result of exercise?
Did a bike test where one leg was exercising and one wasnt--> exercising leg produced most of the IL6
44
What was observed regarding the amount of increase in IL6 production over the duration of extended exercise in the 2000 study?
Initial increase was modest, later increase was dramatic
45
What was observed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 release at the start of exercise?
Lower muscle glycogen content caused a higher increase in IL6 during exercise
46
What was observed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 release at the end of exercise?
The muscle glycogen content did not massively affect the amount of IL6 released
47
What was confirmed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 secretion in the 2004 study?
Higher IL6 secretion is associated with depleted muscle glycogen content
48
Which processes does IL6 stimulate?
glycolysis and lipolysis
49
What cytokines does IL6 stimulate the release of?
IL-1RA and IL10
50
What is a myokine?
A signalling cell that is released in response to muscle contraction
51
What is inflammageing?
A gradual increase in basal inflammation as someone ages
52
What is inflammageing driven by?
Unresolved inflammation and immune dysregulation with ageing
53
What is an exokine?
A signalling moiety released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise
54
How do exokines exert their effects?
Endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms
55
What types of tissue can release exokines?
Skeletal muscle, heart, liver, WAT, BAT and neurons
56
What level of CRP is associated with inflammatory diseases?
>3.0
57
Association between being physically active and CRP levels?
Being physically active is associated with lower CRP levels
58

HL22015 physiology (36 decks)

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