Exercise and cytokines

Question 1

Inflammation definition?

Answer 1

a defensive process that a living body initiates against local tissue damage

Question 2

What can cause inflammation?

Answer 2

Physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents

Question 3

What are the stages of inflammation?

Answer 3

Onset of inflammation, onset of resolution and resolution

Question 4

What happens in the onset of inflammation?

Answer 4

Identification of damage, production of proinflammatory mediators, vasodilation and recruitment of white blood cells

Question 5

Cytokines present in early inflammation?

Answer 5

TNF-alpa, IL1

Question 6

Cytokines present in resolution of inflammation?

Answer 6

IL-10

Question 7

What occurs during the onset of resolution of inflammation?

Answer 7

down regulation of pro-inflammatory signals, up regulation of anti-inflammatory signals, destruction of infecte tissue, clotting factors

Question 8

Role of clotting factors?

Answer 8

stop clotting

Question 9

What occurs during the resolution of inflammation?

Answer 9

production of anti-inflammatory mediators, apoptosis of immune cells, vascular repair

Question 10

Five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 10

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 11

Outcome of increased blood flow?

Answer 11

Redness and heat

Question 12

Outcome of accumulation of fluid?

Answer 12

swelling

Question 13

Outcome of release of nerve stimulating chemicals?

Answer 13

pain

Question 14

What are the 5 stages of inflammaiton resolution?

Answer 14

Removal of dead cells, restoration of vascular integrity, regeneration of tissue, remission of fever and relief of pain

Question 15

What are biomarkers used to assess inflammation?

Answer 15

Acute phase proteins, cytokines

Question 16

Which proteins increase or decrease in blood acutely in response to inflammation?

Answer 16

Acute phase proteins

Question 17

What is an example of an acute phase protein?

Answer 17

CRP (C-reactive protein)

Question 18

What is the role of CRP?

Answer 18

Helps clear dead cells

Question 19

Where is CRP synthesised?

Answer 19

Liver

Question 20

What are cytokines?

Answer 20

Small (hormone like) acute phase proteins released by a variety of different cells

Question 21

What does IL6 do in regards to CRP?

Answer 21

induces its release from the liver

Question 22

Meaning of pleiotropic?

Answer 22

Affects many different cell types in different ways

Question 23

Autocrine hormone?

Answer 23

Acts on the cell it was released from

Question 24

Paracrine action?

Answer 24

Acts on a nearby cell

Question 25

Endocrine action?

Answer 25

Acts on a distant cell

Question 26

IL8 role?

Answer 26

Chemokine--> a chemical that promotes chemotaxis

Question 27

TNF-alpha role?

Answer 27

A pro-inflammatory cytokine that "ramps up" local inflammatory responses

Question 28

IL1 role?

Answer 28

Affects nearly every cell type in the body, in synergy with TNF-alpha

Question 29

Which cytokines are generally considered inflammatory?

Answer 29

IL8, TNF-alpha, IL1

Question 30

Role of IL1RA?

Answer 30

Inhibition of IL1, so anti-inflammatory

Question 31

Which cells produce IL-10?

Answer 31

macrophages, dendritic cells, t and b cells

Question 32

Which cytokines are released near the beginning of infection?

Answer 32

TNF-alpha, IL1, IL8

Question 33

Which cytokine is released in the middle of an infection?

Answer 33

IL6

Question 34

Which cytokines are released at the end of an infection?

Answer 34

IL-1RA, IL-10

Question 35

What is a bimodal response?

Answer 35

An acute spike followed by sustained elevation above baseline

Question 36

What was observed in regard to IL6 levels and exercise?

Answer 36

A spike after exercise, followed by a maintained heightened level after the initial spike

Question 37

What was initially thought to be the source of IL6? (THIS IS WRONG)

Answer 37

immune cells

Question 38

What is eccentric exercise?

Answer 38

Uses target muscles to control a weight as it moves in a downward motion

Question 39

Why is eccentric exercise used to assess the effect of muscle damage?

Answer 39

Eccentric exercise causes a lot of muscle damage in unaccustomed muscle compared to accustomed muscle, so they can be compared

Question 40

What was observed in the 1999 study regarding IL6 and muscle damage?

Answer 40

There was no difference in IL6 released by muscles even when there were differences in the amount of muscle damage, thus muscle damage doesnt affect IL6

Question 41

What was observed in the 2000 study regarding the absence of muscle damage on IL6?

Answer 41

IL6 release increased during exercise in the absence of muscle damage (as the exercise was only concentric)

Question 42

How did the 2000 study show IL6 is produced as a result of exercise?

Answer 42

Did a bike test where one leg was exercising and one wasnt--> exercising leg produced most of the IL6

Question 43

What was observed regarding the amount of increase in IL6 production over the duration of extended exercise in the 2000 study?

Answer 43

Initial increase was modest, later increase was dramatic

Question 44

What was observed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 release at the start of exercise?

Answer 44

Lower muscle glycogen content caused a higher increase in IL6 during exercise

Question 45

What was observed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 release at the start of exercise?

Answer 45

The muscle glycogen content did not massively affect the amount of IL6 released

Question 46

What was confirmed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 secretion in the 2004 study?

Answer 46

Higher IL6 secretion is associated with depleted muscle glycogen content

Question 47

Which processes does IL6 stimulate?

Answer 47

glycolysis and lipolysis

Question 48

What cytokines does IL6 stimulate the release of?

Answer 48

IL-1RA and IL10

Question 49

What is a myokine?

Answer 49

A signalling cell that is released in response to muscle contraction