energy imbalance and obesity part 2

Question 1

what happens when people don’t pay attention to whether or not we are full and make room for dessert anyway, what will happen to the body?

Answer 1

it can cause an increase in body weight and fatness

Question 2

what is leptin

Answer 2

hormone which is produced by the adipocytes or fat storing cells
acts as a thermostat to keep body fatness from changing

Question 3

how does the body monitor how much fat is present? and name two examples

Answer 3

by hormones
insulin and leptin

Question 4

what is appetite?

Answer 4

desire to consume specific foods triggered by external cues

Question 5

what is hunger?

Answer 5

desire to consume that is triggered by internal physiological signals
chemical messengers

Question 6

what is satiation?

Answer 6

signal to stop eating

Question 7

what is satiety?

Answer 7

signal to not start eating again

Question 8

what are the 4 categories of the mechanisms of eating?

Answer 8

sensory (smell and taste)
cognitive (learned how to eat food)
postingestive (CNS messengers)
postabsorptive

Question 9

what factors can appetite be driven by beyond physiological factors?

Answer 9

smell, taste signals which can override satiety and stimulate feeding

Question 10

where does the taste sensation relay to?

Answer 10

the hypothalamus and nucleus of the amygdala and lateral hypothalamic area

Question 11

name 3 factors which influence food intake

Answer 11

digestive
circulating
central nervous system

Question 12

name the 4 regulatory hormones of the GI tract

Answer 12

gastrin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
secretin
gastric inhibitory peptide

Question 13

where is gastrin released and what is its function?

Answer 13

stomach
triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen

Question 14

where is cholecystokinin (CCK) released and what is its function?

Answer 14

small intestine
stimulated the release of pancreatic enzymes and release of bile from the gallbladder

Question 15

where is secretin released and what is its function?

Answer 15

small intestine
stimulates release of pancreatic bi-carbonate

Question 16

where is gastric inhibitory peptide released and what is its function?

Answer 16

small intestine
signals the stomach to limit the release of gastric juices

Question 17

where are the hunger centres located?

Answer 17

lateral hypothalamus

Question 18

what does the destruction of hunger lead to
what does the destruction of ARC and PVN lead to

Answer 18

anorexia
obesity

Question 19

name 5 peripheral signals involved in the regulation of food intake

Answer 19

gastrointestinal hormones
endocrine glands
muscle tissue
pancreatic hormones
adipose tissue hormones

Question 20

what are the two mechanisms for regulating body weight and describe what they are?

Answer 20

short term: food intake = levels of circulating nutrients
long term: amount of body fat = feed information on the energy status of the organism to the brain

Question 21

what do adiposity signals do?

Answer 21

hormones whose secretion is proportional to body fat and that stimulate receptors in several areas in the brain

Question 22

name the two types of neurons in the ARC control food intake and metabolism

Answer 22

insulin and leptin