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Nutrition > Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

_________ is the state in which energy intake, in the form of food and/or beverage matches the energy expended

A

Energy balance

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of positive energy balance?

A

Energy intake > energy expended

Stored energy eventually results in weight gain

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3
Q

In what situations is it good to have a positive energy balance?

A

Pregnancy
Infancy
Childhood
Following disease to restore healthy body weight

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of negative energy balance

A

Energy intake < energy expended

Energy stored ( fat and muscle) is used to make up for the shortfall in energy intake resulting in weight loss

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5
Q

What is the definition of 1 kilocalorie

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

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6
Q

What are the 4 methods of energy output?

A

BMR (basal metabolic rate)
Physical activity
Digestion, absorption and processing of ingested nutrients (thermic effect of food)
Thermogenesis

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7
Q

What si BMR?

A

The minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive in a fasting state (12 h or more)

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8
Q

What are some charcteristics of BMR?

A

60-70% of total energy needs

Included energy needed for maintaining a heartbeat, respiration, body temperature

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9
Q

_______ is energy used by the body when the person is NOT fasting or completely rested

A

RMR

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10
Q

_______ is typically about 6% higher than _____

A

RMR is typically about 6% higher than the BMR

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolism energy factor for men? Women?

A

Men: 1 kcal/kg HBW X hr

Women: 0.9 kcal/kg HBW X hr

*HBW= healthy body weight

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12
Q

What does EER stand for?

A

Estimated energy requirements

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13
Q

EER takes into account what to estimate the energy requirements of adult males or females?

A

Height
Weight
Physical activity

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14
Q

What are the factors that influence Basal metabolism?

A 
Body surface area (weight, height)
Gender
Lean body mass
Body temperature 
Thyroid hormone 
Nervous system activity 
Age ( decreases every 10 years over 30)
Caloric intake 
Pregnancy 
Use of caffeine and tobacco
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15
Q

________ is the energy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients

A

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

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16
Q

______ meals gives higher TEF values than the same amount of food eaten over many hours

A

Large meals

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17
Q

TEF depends in art on food composition

__________> ______> ______

A

Protein rich > carb-rich > Fat rich

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18
Q

________ is nonvoluntary physical activity triggered by overeating or cold environment

A

Thermogenesis

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19
Q

What are examples of thermogenesis

A 
Fidgeting 
Shivering 
Maintenance of muscle tone 
Posture 
Increases in the sympathetic NS activity
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20
Q

brown adipose tissue is an example of _______. Where proteins uncouple energy release from ATP production. Energy is lost as ____

A

Thermogenesis

Heat

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21
Q

________ measures heat output from the body using an insulated chamber

A

Direct calorimetry

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22
Q

________ measures the amount of oxygen a person uses

A

Indirect calorimetry

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23
Q

A relationship exists between the body’s use of energy and ______

A

Oxygen

  • 1L of O2 per every 5 calories.
  • 2000 calories need about 400 L of O2
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24
Q

________ estimates resting energy needs in clinical situations (resting energy)

A

Harris-Benedict equation

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25
``` What are the BMI ranges for the following? Underweight Healthyweight Overweight Obese Morbidly/severely obese ```
``` Underweight <18.5 Healthy weight 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25-29.9 Obese 30-39.9 Severely obese >40 ```
26
What is the healthy BMI range? What BMI does health risks start?
Healthy BMI - 18.5-24.9 | Health risks start at BMI greater than or equal to 25
27
______ alone should not be used to diagnose overweight or obesity
BMI
28
A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is a marker of ______, not necessarily a marker of _______
Overweight; overfat
29
What are ways of measuring body fat content?
``` Underwater weighing BodPod Skinfold thickness Bioelectrical impedance analysis DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) ```
30
_____ is very Accurate in measuring body fat content because fat is less dense than lean tissue
Underwater weighing
31
______ is low energy current to the body that measures the resistance to electrical flow
Bioelectrical impedance analysis
32
In the bioelectrical impedance analysis how does it measure the body fat amount?
Fat is resistant to electrical flow | The more resistance, the more body fat you have
33
_________ is a X ray body scan that allows for the determination of body fat, fat- free tissue and bone
DEXA- dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
34
What tool is used to study bone density and osteoporosis?
DEXA - dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
35
_________ is considered the most accurate method in measuring bone density and osteoporosis and alllows for the determination of body fat, fat free tissue and bone
DEXA
36
________ obesity is associated with more heart disease, hypertension and type II diabetes
Upper-body ( android) obesity
37
What effect does fat have on the liver?
Effects the livers ability to clear insulin and lipoprotein
38
How is upper body (android) obesity defined?
As waist measurement of greater than 40” in men and greater than 35” in women
39
What hormones stimulate upper odd Android obesity?
Testosterone and excessive alcohol
40
_______ obesity is encourage by estrogen and progesterone and has less risk than upper-body obesity
Lower body ( gynecoid) obesity
41
_______ is an important measure of weight related health risk
Waist circumference
42
_________ accounts for 40-70% of weight differences
Genetics
43
What 3 things do genes affect?
Metabolic rate Fuel use Brain chemistry
44
What are 3 components of a sound weight loss plan?
Control of energy intake Physical activity Behavior modification
45
_____ nutrient density, _____ energy density, and ______ fiber is a great start to a better diet
High; low; high
46
_________ in human causes changes that protect against many age-related pathologies
Dietary restriction
47
______ increases the risk of chronic age-related diseases such as, type 2 diabetes, heart diseas, osteoarthritis and certain types of cancer
Obesity
48
Body fat contains about ________ kcal per pound
3500 kcal
49
Fat storage ( body fat plus supporting lean tissue ) contains _______ kcal per pound
3300
50
Must have an energy deficit of about ______ kcal to lose a pond per week
3300
51
3500 kcal rule is now replace with newer more accurate weight loss predictors which take into account the concept of _________
Metabolic adaptiveness
52
If energy deficit of 500 kcal/day; then expected weight loss: ___ lbs per year If energy deficit of 10 kcal/day then expected weight loss is _______ lb every 3 years
23 | 1
53
Describe the behavior modification of chain breaking
Delink behaviors which are often coupled | Ex: eating popcorn and watching movies
54
Describe the behavior modification strategy, stimulus control.
Control external stimuli which stimulate temptation | Ex: replace energy dense snacks with nutrient dense snacks in the pantry/ refrigerator
55
Describe the behavior modification strategy, cognitive restructuring
Changing the mindset | Ex: instead of eating a bucket of ice cream after a bad day, go for a walk with a friend
56
Describe the behavior modification strategy contingency management
Back up planning. For situations that may trigger over eating or limit physical activity Ex: rain, snow, parties and celebrations
57
Describe the behavior modification strategy, self monitoring
Maintaining a food/exercise log to monitor over eating and activity levels.
58
Describe the behavior modification strategy, relapse prevention
Stay positive and develop the grit to get back on track after occasional lapse Ex: motivation, movement and monitoring
59
What is the BMI of an underweight person?
Less than 18.5
60
When might bariatric surgery be a good option for a patient?
When severe morbidly obese, with a BMI greater than 40

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