Protein, Lipids, And Carbohydrates Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Dietary fats are a good source of what vitamins?
A
Vitamins A,D, E and K
2
Q
What types of fats are solid at room temperature?
A
Saturated fatty acids and TAGs
3
Q
Oils are liquids at room temperature and are what types of FAs?
A
Unsaturated fatty acids
4
Q
________ are the main form of lipids in food and body
A
TAGs
5
Q
_____ are the largest source of energy
A
FAs
6
Q
______ are precursors of eicosanoids (phospholipids)
A
FA
7
Q
What are the funcitons of TAGs?
A
Provide energy
Tore energy
Transport of lipid-soluble nutrients
8
Q
What are the most common lipids in biological membranes?
A
Phosphoglycerolipids
9
Q
What are the funcitons of phospholipids?
A
Digestion of dietary lipids (lecithin)
Sources of eicosanoids (at C-2)
Transport of lipid soluble nutrients
10
Q
What are the functions of cholesterol?
A
Sources of all steroid hormones. Sources of bile salts for lipid digestion Component of biological membrane Transport of lipid soluble nutrients Source of vitamin D
11
Q
Name the essential FA.
C 18:2
C 18:3
A
C 18:2 - Linoleate, linoleic acid
C 18:3 - Linolenate, linolenic acid
12
Q
Do cells only make cis or trans FA?
A
Cis FA
13
Q
How are cis FA converted to trans FA?
A
Primarily during storage, processing and cooking
14
Q
What are examples of saturated FA?
A
Coconut oil
Butter
Palm oil
Lard or beef fat
15
Q
What are examples of monounsaturated FA?
A
Olive oil
Canola oil
Peanut oil
16
Q
What are examples of polyunsaturated FA?
A
Sunflower oil
Safflower oil
Corn oil
Soybean oil
17
Q
What are examples of trans FA?
A
Tub margarine
Stick margarine
Shortening
18
Q
What is rancidity?
A
Decomposed oils
Breakdown of the C=C bonds by UV light and or O2
PUFA more susceptible
19
Q
How do you prevent rancidity?
A
Hydrogenation
Addition of natural antioxidants ( vitamin E and C)
Addition of artificial antioxidants (BHA and BHT)
20
Q
How are trans FA formed?
A
By partial hydrogenation of unsaturated FA
21
Q
What is the purpose of tans FA?
A
To increase shelf life
22
Q
How can you minimize intake of trans FA?
A
Limit use of hydrogenated fats
limit deep fried foods
Limit high fat baked goods
Limit use of non-dairy creamers
23
Q
What is the substrate and product of pancreatic lipase (and colipase)?
A
Substrate: TAGs
Products: 2 FA and 2-MAG
24
Q
What is the substrate and products of the enzyme phospholipases A2?
A
Substrate: phospholipids
Products: FA and lyso-PL
25
What is the substrate and products of the enzyme cholesterol ester hydrolase?
Substrate: cholesterol esters
Products: FA and CHO
26
How are short and medium chain (less than 12 C) FA absorbed?
Water soluble and enter the portal system
27
How are long chain FA absorbed?
Not water soluble, reformed into TAGs and enter the lymphatic system
28
Dietary lipids are reassembled and packaged into _________
Chylomicrons
29
What are the components of chylomicrons?
TAG, phospholipid, CHO/CHOE, apoproteins
30
_________ breaks down TAG in chylomicrons and VLDL
Lipoprotein lipase
31
```
what is the funciton of the following Apoproteins?
ApoC-II
ApoC-III
ApoB-100
ApoE
```
ApoC-II: activates lipoprotein lipase
ApoC-III: inhibits lipoprotein lipase
ApoB-100: binds LDL receptor
ApoE: triggers clearance of VLDL and chylomicron remnants
32
What is the primary component of a chylomicron?
TAG
33
________ carries dietary fat from the SI to cells
Chylomicrons
34
What is the primary component in VLDL?
TAG
35
_______ carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells
VLDL
36
what is the primary component of LDL?
Cholesterol
37
what is the primary component in HDL?
Protein
38
________ contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and in turn excretion of it form the body
HDL
39
LDL taken up by endocytosis process is enhanced by what types of diet?
A diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat
40
Where is HDL synthesized?
Liver and intestine
41
_______ picks up cholesterol from dying cells and blood.
HDL
42
______ transfers cholesterol to other lipoproteins
HDL
43
_______ functions in reverse cholesterol transport
HDL
44
______ blocks oxidation of LDL and can closely predict the risk of CVD
HDL
45
_______ slow down LDL uptake into scavenger cells
Antioxidants
46
Describe the scavenger pathway of removing LDL
Scavenger WBC removes oxidized LDL form circulation.
| Build up of plaque on walls of the blood vessels leads to atherosclerosis
47
The scavenger pathway process is enhanced by diets high in _____, _____ and ______
Cholesterol, sat fat, and trans fat
48
What are the essential fatty acids?
Omega-3: linolenic
| Omega-6: linoleic
49
Omega-3 FA (linolenic acid) is important for the formation of _____ and _____
DHA and EPA
50
Omega 6 (linoleic acid) is important for the formation of _____
Arachidonic acid
51
What foods contain alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)?
```
Fish
Canola oil
Soybean oil
Walnuts
Flax seeds
```
52
EPA and DHA are FA related to _______ FA. Original source found in _____
Omega-3: linolenic
| Microalgae
53
Linoleic acid omega-6 is found in ______
Particularly plant oils
54
_______ is the precursor of most eicosanoids
Arachidonic acid
55
Excess intake of ____ may cause general inflammation and increase blood pressure
Omega-6 FA
56
_____ increases blood clotting and increases inflammatory responses
Omega-6
57
_______ decrease blood clotting, reduce heart attack and decrease inflammation
Omega-3 (DHA, EPA)
58
What are the AHA recommendaitons of fat intake?
20-30% of total kcal from fat
5-6% saturated fats
1% trans fats
Replace trans fats with monounsaturated vegetable oils
59
High ______ intake increases amount of arterial cholesterol and CVD and impair immune system
High PUFA
60
Excessive omega-3 fat intake results in _______ and ______
Impaired immune system
| Uncontrolled bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke
61
Imbalances in omega-3 and omega-6 fats causes
General inflammation
| *too little omega 3
62
How does CVD begin?
With formation of plaques on blood vessel walls
63
What are two examples of plant sterols that can reduce intestinal absorption of cholesterol and reside serum LDL cholesterol, etc.
Ergosterol, sitosterol
64
How can you lower TAGS?
Avoid overeating
Consume small frequent meals
Limit alcohol
Lower intake of added sugars
65
How can you raise HDL?
Eat less total fat and induce heart healthy fats such as nuts. Legumes, fatty. Fish, olives, avocado, wheat germ and flax seeds.
66
What is the glycosidic linkage of maltose?
Alpha-1,4
| Two glucose molecules
67
What is the glycosidic linkage of sucrose?
Alpha-1,2
Glucose and fructose
68
What is the glycosidic linkage of lactose?
Beta- 1,4
Glucose and galactose
**only animal dietary carbohydrate
69
What are examples of oligosaccharides?
Maltotroise
Raffinose
Stachyose
70
Need ________ enzyme inorder of break the beta glycosidic linkages
Cellulase
71
Cellulase is high in the gut of _______
Ruminants and ants
72
Where can glucose come from in terms of dissarcharides and polysaccharides
Starch, sucrose and lactose
73
Where can fructose come from?
Sucrose, honey fruits and high fructose corn syrup
74
_______ from lactose is the only dietary carbohydrate exclusively for animal sources
Galactose
75
_______ results from starch breakdown
Maltose
76
________ is the not animal dietary carbohydrate
Lactose
77
What are the results of starch breakdown?
Limit dextrins, maltose and maltotriose
78
What are 2 digestible polysaccharides?
Starch and glycogen
79
What foods can you get starch from?y
```
Whole grains
Pastas
Bread
Legumes
Potatoes
```
80
What are examples of soluble fiber?
Pectin
Mucilages
Gums and beta-glucans
Agal polysaccharides
81
________ is 20% of starch
| _________ is 80% of starch
Amylose is 20%
| Amylopectin is 80%
82
What is the linear polymer of starch? What is the branched polymer of starch?
Amylose
| Amylopectin
83
what is an example of a non-carbohydrate fiber?
Lignin
84
_______ is in flaxseeds, sesame seeds, whole grains, etc and binds to bile acids, decreases serum cholesterol levels
Lignin
85
Monosaccharides in fibers are linked by ______ glycosidic linkages
Beta
86
What is an insoluble or non-fermnetable fiber?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
| *not fermented by bacteria in the colon
87
What are soluble, viscous or fermentable fibers?
Gum
Pectin
Mucilage
Fruit, vegetable, rice bran, psyllium seed
88
What are funcitonal fiber? And is an example of a funcitonal fiber?
Fiber added to food
| Probiotics type of funcitonal fibers that stimulate growth or activity of beneficial bacteria in the LI
89
What are the physiological effects of nonfermentable or insoluble non carbohydrate form of dietary fiber?
Increases fecal bulk and decreases intestinal transit time
** whole grains, plants, wheat, rye, rice and veggies
90
What are the physiological effects of viscous or soluble dietary fiber?
Delays stomach emptying
Slows glucose absorption
Can lower blood cholesterol by binding to bile acids
** citrus fruits, apples, bananas, oat products, barley, beans.
91
What is the carbohydrate in milk?
Lactose
92
Fiber can be found in many of the same foods as ______
Starch
93
A diet rich in ______, _____ and ______ can provide significant amount of dietary fiber
Whole grains, legumes and tubers
94
Processed grains are relatively ______ in fiber
Low
95
What are the two categories of sweeteners
Nutritive sweeteners
| Alternative (non-nutritive) sweeteners
96
________ are sweeteners that can be oxidized to yield energy
Nutritive sweeteners is
97
What are examples of nutritive sweeteners that can be oxidized to yield energy?
Sugar alcohols sorbitol and mannitol
98
________ sweeteners provide no energy or very little
Alternative (non-nutritive) sweeteners
99
What are examples of non-nutritive sweeteners?
Acesulfame-K, stevia
100
High fructose corn syrup is typically about 55% ______.
Fructose
101
In high fructose corn syrup starch is broken down into _______. Some _____ is converted to ______ to improve shelf stability and food properties
Glucose
Glucose
fructose
102
________ is used in sugarless gum and excess consumption may have a laxative effect
Sugar alcohols sorbitol and xylitol
103
__________ is the estimated amount of a sweetener that an individual can safely consume daily over a lifetime, in mg per kg of body weight per day
ADI ( acceptable daily intake)
104
_______ is composed of phenylalanine, aspartic acid and methanol
Aspartame
105
ADI of aspartame (nutrasweet/equal) is ______ or about 14 cans of diet soft drink or about _______ packets of sweetener
50
| 80
106
________ is about 600X sweeter tha.n sucrose and is the only artificial sweetener made from sucrose
Sucralose/ Splenda
107
How is sucralose not digested or absorbed?
Substitution of 3 Cl- for 3 OH- groups on sucrose
108
What is the ADI of sucralose?
15 mg/kg per day
109
________ has recently been FDA approved to use in foods. Derived from a South American shrub and is about 100 to 300x sweeter than sucrose
Stevia
110
Steviol is a ______
Glycoside
111
In the mouth, Some starch is broken down into poly and i saccharides by _______
Salivary amylase
112
In the small intestine, _______ breaks down polysaccharides from starch in disaccaharides
Pancreatic amylase
113
What breaks down the disaccharides into monosaccharides in the SI?
Enzymes in the wall of the SI
114
Alpha amylase (saliva and pancreas) breaks down starch into what 4 things?
Limit dextrins, maltose, maltotriose and isomaltose
115
What is the substrate for the enzyme alpha-dextrinase?
Limit dextrins
*product is maltooligosaccharides
116
Alpha-dextrinase targets what linkages?
Alpha-1,6
117
_______ produces 2 glucoses
| ________ produces 3 glucoses
Maltase
| Glucoamylase
118
Isomaltase targets what linkages?
Alpha-1,6
119
Sucrase (invertase) targets what linkages?
Alpha 1,2
120
Lactase (beta-galactosidase) targets what linkages?
Beta 1,4
121
Dietary glucose and galactose are absorbed by intestinal cells and released into the portal vein by what GLUT transporter? Dietary fructose is released via ______
GLUT2
GLUT5
122
What si primary lactose maldigestion?
When. Lactase production declines due to unkown causes
123
What is secondary lactose Maldigestion?
When lactose production declines due to an underlying cause such as illness, therapy, aging
124
What do you do for lactose intolerance?
```
Determine amount you can tolerate
Eat dairy with fat
Aged cheese and yogurt
Lactaid
Silk
```
125
How is the liver involved in carb transport and processing?
Transform monosaccharide into glucose
Release glucose into blood stream
Store glycogen or fat
126
Undigested carbs may promote health fo the colon by __________ and ______
Prebiotic properties and fiber components
127
What are 3 funcitons of glucose?
Supplies energy for all cells
Spares protein from use as an energy source
Prevents ketosis
128
Describe the regulation of blood glucose during elevated blood glucose.
Elevated blood glucose -> pancreas releases insulin -> glucose transported into cells and converted into glycogen -> normalization of blood glucose.
129
Describe the regulation of blood glucose during low blood glucose.
Low blood glucose-> pancreas secretes glucagon -> breakdown of glycogen stores and increased gluconeogenesis -> normalization of blood glucose
130
________ is blood glucose response to given food by comparing to 100g of typical glucose
Glycemic index
131
How is glycemic index calculated?
By measuring blood glucose concentraiton after fixed intervals of time
132
___________ is the amount of CHO in food X Glycemic index of food
Glycemic load
133
___________ is a better reflection of foods effect on blood glucose
Glycemic load
134
What are the functions of fiber? (4)
Promotes bowel health
Reduces obesity risk
Enhances blood glucose control
Reduces cholesterol absorption
135
What is the RDA for carbs in adults?
130 g/day
136
________ is adequate for brai and CNS energy
130 g.day
137
What should the primary sources of carbs be from?
Fruits, veggies, whole grains, beans and nuts
138
What is the recommended intake of fiber for women and men?
Women: 25 g.day
Men: 38 g.day
139
What is the adequate intake of Tiber and the daily value?
Adequate intake: 14g/ 1000 cal
| DV= 25 g/day
140
What is the problem with too high fiber diets >50- 60 g/d?
Intestinal blockages
| Decreased Zn and Fe absorption
141
What are the problems with high sugar diets?
Low nutrient density
Contributes excessive energy with a risk of weight gain and obesity
Dental caries
High glycemic index
142
What indicates prediabetes?
Borderline high blood glucose level between 100 and 126 mg/dL
143
What is characteristic of type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance: tissues are less responsive to insulin.
144
What is the occurrence of type 1 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes?
5-10% of cases of diabetes is type I
| 90% of cases of Diabetes is type II
145
What is the result of uncontrolled blood glucose?
Ketosis leading to ion imbalances
Degenerative diseases: nerve damage, heart disease, kidney disease and blindness
Atherosclerosis
Increased risk for wound infections
146
what is metabolic syndrome?
A condition in which a person has poor blood glucose regulation, hypertension, increased blood TAGs and other health problems.
This condition is usually accompanied by obesity, lack of physical activity and a diet high in refined carbs
147
What is another name for metabolic syndrome?
Syndrome X
148
What are the metabolic syndrome risk indicators?
```
High blood pressure 130/85
Low HDL
Elevated glucose
Elevated TAGs
Abdominal obesity waist circumference greater than 40 (men) or 35 (women)
```
149
Describe high quality or complete protein.
```
Contains ample amount of all EAA
Animal protein (except gelatin)
```
150
Describe low quality protein (incomplete protein) and what is an example?
Deficient or low in one or more EAA
| Ex: plant protein (except quinoa, buckwheat and soy)
151
Animal protein is a good source of what minerals? And what vitamins?
Fe, Zn, and Se
| Vitamins: thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, B-6 and B-12
152
```
Animal protein is
_____ in cholesterol
_____ in SFA
_____ fiber
_____ phytochemicals
```
High in cholesterol
High in SFA
No fiber
No phytochemicals
153
_________ protein is incomplete and low digestibility
Plant protein
154
Plant protein is a good source of what vitamins and minerals?
Minerals: Mg and Mn
Vitamins: A,C,E,K, folate
155
```
Plant protein has
______cholesterol
______ SFA
______ fiber
_____ phytochemicals
```
No cholesterol
Low in SFA
Good source of fiber and phytochemicals
156
What is an example of a good lean protein?
Legumes
157
One or more essential amino acids are deficient in plant proteins. What are they?
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
158
What foods are lysine the limiting amino acid of?
Grains (rice) and nuts
159
What food is the limiting amino acid methionine?
Legumes and vegetables
160
What is a benefit of plant protein?
Adds fiber, phytochemical and decreases the intake of cholesterol and SFA
161
Dietary protein stimulates the release of _____ and _____ from the SI
CCK and secretin
162
______ stimulates the pancreas to secrete zymogens
CCK
163
_______ stimulates pancreas to release HCO3-
Secretin
164
________ inhibits gastric motility
GIP
165
Pepsinogen is activated by what? What is the source of pepsinogen? And what is its specificity?
Activated by: H+ and pepsin
Source: chief cells
Specificity: mostly phenylalanine
166
What is the activation, source and specificity of trypsinogen?
Activation: enteropeptidase and trypsin
Source: pancreas
Specificity: lysine and Arginine
167
What is the activation, source and specificity of chymotrypsinogen?
Activation: trypsin and chymotrypsin
Source: pancreas
Specificity: aromatic and bulky amino acids
168
How are amino acids absorbed?
Secondary active using Na-AA carriers
169
All amino acids undergo transamination reactions except ______ and ____
Lysine and leucine
170
What is the coenzyme used in transamination reactions? And what is the enzyme?
Coenzyme: PLP (vitamin B-6)
Enzyme: aminotransferase
171
Where do transamination reactions occur in the cell?
Cytosol and mitochondria
172
What amino acid undergoes oxidative deamination?
Glutamine
173
What is the enzyme that is involved in oxidative deamination of glutamine? What is the coenzyme for this reaction?
```
Glutamate dehyrogenase (liver)
Coenzyme: NAD+/NADP+
```
174
What are the funcitons of proteins?
```
Maintain fluid balance
Contribute to acid/base balance
Immune system
Form glucose
Provide energy
Vitamin source
Contribute to satiety
```
175
_______ can be synthesized from tryptophan
Niacin
176
Without sufficient protein in the blood, ______ develops
Edema
177
When does positive nitrogen balance occur?
Growth, pregnancy, recovery stage after illness, athletic training, increased secretion of insulin, GH and testosterone
178
What is the RDA for protein?
.8 g per kg
In athletes, .8-1.7 g per kg
179
Individual amino acid supplements may cause imbalances and toxicity. What aa does this occur most in? (3)
Methionine, cysteine and histidine
180
What is the disease associated with severe protein deficit with moderate energy, often accompanied by infections or other diseases?
Kwashiorkor
*edema, fatty liver, maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat, rapid onset
181
What is the disease associated with protein energy malnuntrion to where the result is severe energy and protein deficit
Marasmus
182
What is characteristic of marasmus?
Severe weight loss
Wasting of muscle and body fat
Develops gradually
183
What are two disorders associated with protein energy malnutrition?
Kwashiorkor and marasmus
184
What is a fruitarian?
Primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils
185
What is the difference between a lactovegetarian and a lactoovovegetarian?
Lactovegetarian eats plant products and diary products
| Lactoovovegetarian eats plant products, dairy products and eggs
186
What are the nutrients of concern in proteins?
```
Riboflavin
Vitamin D
Vitamin B12
Fe
Zn
Calcium
```
187
What are good sources of riboflavin?
Milk products, green leafy vegetables
188
What are good sources of vitamin D?
Enriched milk and soy or plant milk
| Sun exposure
189
What nutrients are at risk of being deficient in vegetarians?
Fe, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium
190
FNB recommends ____ to _____ % of total energy from carbs per day
45-65%
