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Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

______ are essential organic substances that produce deficiency symptoms when missing from diet

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

What are the basic functions of vitamins?

A

Coenzymes
Hormones
Antioxidants

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3
Q

T/F: vitamins yield no energy

A

True

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4
Q

What vitamins are important in blood formation (and clotting)?

A

Vitamin B-6 (PLP)
Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)
Folate
Vitamin K

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5
Q

What vitamins play a role in protein and amino acid metabolism

A 
Vitamin B-6
Folate
Vitamin B-12
Vitamin C
Choline (not a true vitamin)
Riboflavin (indirect)
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6
Q

What vitamins are important in antioxidant defenses?

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Carotenoids
Riboflavin (indirect)

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7
Q

What vitamins are important in gene expression

A

Vitamin A and Vitamin D

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8
Q

What vitamins are important in bone health?

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin C

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9
Q

What vitamins are important in energy metabolism

A 
Thiamin 
Riboflavin 
Niacin 
Panthothenic acid
Biotin 
Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)
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10
Q

What fat soluble vitamins can accumulate in the body and be toxic?

A

Particularly vitamins A and D

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11
Q

Vitamin toxicity is most likely due to ______

A

Supplementation

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12
Q

________ vitamins are not readily excreted and can cause toxicity

A

Fat soluble vitamins

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13
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins transported?

A

Transported with fat in lipoproteins

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14
Q 
Vitamin A (retinoids) is a \_\_\_\_\_. 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is important in visual pigment 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is important in the immune system
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is important in cell growth and proliferation
A

Hormone
Retinal
Retinol
Retinoate

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15
Q

Vitamin D is a ______ and is important in ____ and ____ regulation

A

Hormone

Blood calcium and phosphorus regulation

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16
Q

Vitamin E is a ________. And may have some ______ function

A

General antioxidant

Coenzyme function. Aids in stabilizing free radicals

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17
Q

Vitamin K is a __________. It is important in ______ in blood and bone proteins

A

Prosthetic group coenzyme

Carboxylation glutamate

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18
Q

What are the major funcitons of vitamin A>

A

Promote vision
Promote growth
Prevent drying of skin and eyes
Promote resistance to bacterial infection and overall immune system function

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19
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin a for women? Men?

A

700 micrograms -women
900 micrograms-men

2300-3000 IU if as preformed vitamin A

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20
Q

What are the dietary sources of preformed vitamin A?

A

Liver
Fortified milk
Fortified breakfast cereals

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21
Q

What are the dietary sources of provitamin A?

A 
Sweet potatoes 
Spinach 
Greens
Carrots
Cantaloupe 
Apricots 
Broccoli
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22
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms?

A

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Poor growth
Dry skin

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23
Q

________ vitamin A isn’t toxic but ______ vitamin A is toxic

A

Proformed; preformed

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24
Q

What are the major functions of vitamin D?

A

Increase absorption o calcium and phosphorus

Maintain optimal blood calcium and calcification of bone

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25
What is the RDA of vitamin D?
15 micrograms | 600 IU
26
What are the dietary source so vitamin D?
``` Vitamin D fortified milk Fortified breakfast cereals Fish oils Sardines Salmon ```
27
What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin D?
Rickets in children | Osteomalacia in adults
28
What are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?
Growth retardation Kidney damage Calcium deposits in soft tissue Upper level 100 micrograms
29
What are the main functions of vitamin E?
Antioxidant prevents breakdown of vitamin A and unsaturated fatty acids
30
What is the RDA of vitamin E?
15 mg alpha tocopherol 22 IU natural form 33 IU synthetic form
31
What are some dietary sources of vitamin E?
``` Plant oils Products made from plant oils Some greens Some fruits Nuts and seeds Fortified breakfast cereals ```
32
What are some deficiency symptoms of vitamin E?
Hemolysis of RBCs | Nerve degeneration
33
What are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin E?
Muscle darkness Headaches Nausea Inhibition of vitamin K metabolism Upper level 1000 mg
34
What are the main functions of vitamin K?
Activation of blood-clotting factors | Activation of proteins involved in bone metabolism
35
What is the RDA of vitamin K for females? Males?
Women- 90 micrograms | Males- 120 micrograms
36
What are common dietary sources of vitamin K?
Green veggies Liver Some plant oils Some calcium supplements
37
What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin K?
Hemorrhage | Fractures
38
What is the toxicity level of vitamin K?
No upper level has been set for toxicity
39
What si the most common cause of non-accidental blindness in the world?
Deficiency of vitamin A
40
What are examples of preformed vitamin A?
Retinol (retinoid) and retinyl esters **found in animal sources
41
________ are carotenoids found in plant products
Provitamin A
42
Most carotenoids are not pro vitamin A. What 3 carotenoids are known to be converted to retinoids?
Beta-carotene ( most potent) Alpha-carotene Beta-crpyoxanthin
43
1 retinol activity equivalent (RAE) = ______ micrograms retinol, _____ micrograms of beta carotene, ____ micrograms of alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin
1 microgram retinol 12 microgram beta carotene 24 micrograms of alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin
44
1 IU vitamin A activity is equivalent to ____ micrograms retinol, ______ beta carotene, _____ alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin
.3 micrograms 3. 6 micrograms 7. 2 micrograms
45
Vitamin A hormone Retinal: _______ ______ Retinol: ____ ______ Retinoate: _____ _____
Retinal- visual pigment Retinol - immune system - T cell differentiation Retinoate- cell growth and proliferation
46
What is the component of visual pigment rhodopsin?
11-cis retinal
47
_____ is a vitamin A deficiency that targets infants, pregnant women and cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include night blindness and bitot sports
Xeropthalmia
48
What are the possible carotenoid functions?
Prevention of cardiovascular disease Cancer prevention Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts
49
__________ is a prohormone derived from cholesterol
Vitamin D
50
Where is vitamin D activated?
Liver and kidneys 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin 25-hydroxyvitamin D in liver 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in kidney
51
What are the funcitons of vitamin D?
Regulates blood calcium along with PTH Regulates Ca+ and P absorption Reduces kidney excretion of calcium Regulated calcium deposition in bone
52
What are vitamin E funcitons?
Protects double bonds in unsaturated FA | Improves vitamin A reabsoprtion
53
_______ prevents free radical formation by acting as an electron donor and along with glutathione peroxidase it functions to remove peroxide’s during oxidation of PUFAs
Vitamin E
54
_______ from plant sources main dietary form and more biologically active
Phylloquinones (K1)
55
_________ from fish oils, meats and intestinal bacteria
Menaquinones (K2)
56
___________ functions in carboxylation of glutamate residues of proenzyme forms of clotting factors. Activation of carboxylate clotting factors by ______ ions
Vitamin K Ca2+
57
_______ functions in bone matrix proteins as regulators of calcification and differentiation involving Matrix-gla protein and osteocalcin
Vitamin K
58
_______ deficiency results in bleeding disorders or hemorrhages and calcification diseases (vascular calcification)
Vitamin K
59
What are the DRIs for the lipid soluble vitamins ADEK
A- 700-900 micrograms D- 15 micrograms E- 15 milligrams K 90-120 micrograms
60
Water soluble vitamins function as ______
Coenzymes and participate in energy metabolism
61
Because of the enrichment act, what vitamins were added to the bread/grains group?
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate (plus iron)
62
What is the coenzyme example of thiamin?
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
63
What are coenzyme examples of riboflavin?
``` flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) ```
64
What is the coenzyme example of pantothenic acid?
Coenzyme A (CoA)
65
What is the coenzyme example of biotin?
N-carboxylbiotinyl lysine
66
What is the coenzyme example for vitamin B-6?
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
67
What is the coenzyme zymogens example for vitamin B-12?
Methylcobalamin
68
Enriched grains are still deficient in what 3 things?
B-6, Mg and Zn
69
What are the major functions of thiamin?
Coenzyme of carbohydrate metabolism | Nerve function
70
What are the main functions of riboflavin?
Coenzyme of carbohydrate metabolism
71
Niacin functions as a coenzyme of ____, ______ and _____
Energy Fat synthesis Fat breakdown
72
Pantothenic acid functions as a coenzyme of ____, ___, and _____
Energy, fat synthesis, and fat breakdown
73
Biotin functions as a coenzyme of ______ and _____
Glucose production and fat synthesis
74
Vitamin B-6 functions as a coenzyme of ______. ______ and ______
Coenzyme of protein metabolism Neurotransmitter synthesis Hemoglobin synthesis
75
what is the major function of folate?
Coenzyme involved in DNA synthesis
76
What are the major functions of vitamin B-12?
Coenzyme of folate metabolism | Nerve function
77
what are the major functions of vitamin C?
CT synthesis Hormone synthesis Neurotransmitter synthesis Possible antioxidant activity
78
What are the major funcitons of choline?
Neurotransmitter synthesis | Phospholipid synthesis
79
``` What are the RDA values of the water soluble vitamins? B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7-Biotin Folate B-12 Vitamin C Choline ```
``` B1- 1.1-1.2 mg B2- 1.1-1.3 mg B3- 14-16mg B5- 5mg B6- 1.3-1.7 mg B7-30 micrograms Folate - 400 micrograms Vitamin B-12 - 2.4 micrograms Vitamin C- 75-90 mg Choline- 425-550 mg ```
80
What are some dietary sources of B-6?
``` Animal protein foods Spinach Broccoli Bananas Salmon Sunflower seeds ```
81
What are some deficiency symptoms of B6?
``` Headache Anemia Convulsions Nausea Vomiting Flaky skin Sore tongue ```
82
Is the upper level of B6?
100mg based on nerve destruction
83
What are the dietary sources of folate?
Green leafy veggies Orange juice Sprouts Sunflower seeds
84
What are the deficiency symptoms of folate?
``` Megaloblastic anemia Inflammaiton of tongue Diarrhea Poor growth Depression ```
85
What is the upper level of folate?
None likely | UL for adults set at 100 micrograms for synthetic folic acid based on masking of B-12
86
Why is the upper limit o folate in adults set to 1000 micrograms?
Based on masking of B-12 deficiency
87
What are the dietary sources of B-12?
``` Animal foods Organ meats Oysters Clams Fortified ready to eat breakfast cereals ```
88
What are the deficiency symptoms of B-12?
Macrocytic anemia | Poor nerves function
89
What are the dietary sources of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits Strawberries Broccoli Greens
90
What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin C?
Scurvy Poor wound healing Pinpoint hemorrhages Bleeding gums
91
What is the upper level of vitamin C?
2 grams based on the development of diarrhea
92
UL is 3.5 of choline and is based on ______
Development of fishy body odor and reduced blood pressure
93
What are the dietary sources of B1?
``` Sunflower seeds Pork Whole grains Dried grains Peas ```
94
What are the deficiency symptoms of B-1?
Beriberi - NS tingling, poor coordination, edema, heart changes, weakness
95
What are the dietary sources of B2?
``` Milk Mushrooms Spinach Liver Enriched grains ```
96
What are deficiency symptoms of B2?
Inflammaiton of mouth and tongue Tracks at corners of the mouth Eye disorders
97
What are dietary sources of niacin?
Mushrooms Bran Tuna
98
What are the deficiency symptoms of B-3 (niacin)?
Pellagra- diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
99
What is the upper level of B3?
35 mg from supplements based on flushing of skin
100
Which water soluble vitamins have toxicity?
``` Niacin B-6 Folate (likely bc masks B-12) Vitamin C Choline ```
101
Which water soluble vitamins do not have toxicity symptoms?
B1, B2, B5 and biotin (unknown), B-12
102
What is the coenzyme, reaction and deficiencies associated with Thiamin?
TPP Decarboxylation and 2C transfer Berg-beri and wernickle and korakoff syndrome
103
What is the coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency associated with riboflavin?
FAD/FMN Redox Ariboflavinosis
104
What is the coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency associated with B3?
NAD+/ NADP+ Redox Pellagra
105
What are examples of coenzymes of pantothenate?
CoA and ACP
106
What is the coenzyme, reaction, and deficiencies associated with biotin?
Biocytin Carboxylation Dermatitis, hairloss, conjunctivitis, and CNS problems
107
What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with B-6?
PLP Amino transfer and decarboxylation Dermatitis. Depression and confusion
108
What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with folate?
THFA One-c transfer, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism Megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida and anencephaly
109
What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with B-12?
Methyl and deoxycobalamin Oxidation of odd chain FA, folate metabolism and funcitonal RBCs Pernicious and megaloblastic anemia
110
What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with ascorbate?
Coenzyme- none Reaction- antioxidant Deficiency- scurvy
111
What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with choline?
Cosubstrate Homocysteine metabolism and precursor of PL and acetylcholine Deficiency- none
112
What is the syndrome associated with thiamin deficiency? And who is mainly effected?
Wernicke-koraskoff syndrome Alcoholics
113
In wernicke-koraskoff syndrome, there is a mutation in _______ which lowers the affinity for _____
Transketolase | TPP
114
In alcoholics the need for thiamin is increased about _____
10X
115
What are symptoms of Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?
Involuntary eye movement, double vision, mental confusion and ataxia
116
What are 2 deficiency diseases of riboflavin?
Ariboflavosis | Cheliosis
117
_______ is a rare riboflavin deficiency, inflammation and poor wound healing are components of it
Ariboflavonosis
118
________ is a ______ deficiency which causes cracking of tissue around lips and mouth
Cheliosis ; B2
119
What are the 4 D’s associated with pellagra?
Diarrhea Dermatitis Dementia Death
120
_____ is the only dietary deficiency to reach epidemic proportions in the US
Pellagra (niacin deficiency) | * enrichment act of 1941
121
What are the functions of biotin in carboxylation reactions? (Metabolic pathways)
Gluconeogenesis FA synthesis Oxidation of odd chain FA FA elongation
122
______ have a mandatory requirement for biotin
Carboxylases
123
_____ particiapates in 100+ enzymatic reactions and is involved in metabolism of amino acids
B-6
124
B-6 is a involved in what reactions of amino acids?
Decarboxylation fo amino acids (decaboxylases) and transamination reactions (transaminases)
125
What are the 7 functions of B-6?
``` Decarboxylases and transaminases Heme synthesis Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Neurotransmitter synthesis Conversion of tryptophan to niacin Immune function ```
126
What coenzyme is involved converts tryptophan to niacin?
B-6
127
______ is an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to cysteine
Homocysteine
128
_______ is a marker for about 1/3 of ppl with atherosclerosis
Homocysteine
129
Homocysteine metabolized with vitamins _____, ____ and ______
B-6 B-12 Folate
130
What are the functions of folate B-9?
DNA synthesis Homocysteine metabolism Neurotransmitter formation Amino acid metabolism
131
What is the RDA of folate for pregnant women?
600 micrograms
132
Either _____ or ______ deficiency may cause megaloblastic anemia
Folate or B-12
133
_______ is free vitamin B-12 _______ is coenzyme form of B-12 ________ is another coenzyme form of B-12
Cyanocobalamin Methylcobalamin 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin
134
B-12 contains has a protoporhyin ring with ______ as a group and is the largest water soluble vitamin
Cobalt
135
Vitamin B-12 binds with ______ in the stomach.
R-protein
136
_____ releases R-protein from B-12 in the SI where B-12 links with ______
Trypsin | Intrinsic factor
137
How is vitamin B-12 absorbed?
Bound to intrinsic factor. Absorbed in the ileum
138
B-12 transport protein is ______
Transcobalamin II
139
Where is B-12 stored?
Liver
140
what are funcitons of B-12
Oxidation of odd Caron FA Folate metabolism Homocysteine metabolism Maintenance of myelin sheath
141
What are diseases caused in the deficiency of B-12
Megaloblastic anemia and pernicious anemia (impaired secretion of intrinsic factor)
142
What are functions of vitamin C?
Antioxidant (not considered a coenzyme) Collagen processing Iron absorption (keeps it reduced Fe2+) (non-heme) Biosynthesis of carnititne, hormones, neurotransmitters and bile acids
143
Vitamin C deficiency can result in ______ is deficient for 20-40 days
Scurvy
144
What are functions are choline?
Cell membrane structure Single carbon metabolism Neurotransmission and brain health Lipid transport
145
________ is a precursor of betaine
Choline
146
What is the AI of choline Women ____ Men_____
425mg | 550mg
147
What are sources of choline?
``` Eggs Soybeans Cauliflower, beans Almonds and peanuts Lecithin ```
148
_______ comprises 50-70% of the body weight
Water
149
Lean muscle contains _______% water | Fat tissue contains _____% water
73% | 20%
150
What is the AI of water for men? For women?
Men- 15 cups (3.7L/d) | Women - 11 cups (2.7L/d)
151
______ signals kidneys to retain more Na+
Aldosterone
152
_____ signals adrenal glands to produce aldosterone
Angiotensin
153
Minerals have _____ and _____ roles
Structural and dynamic roles
154
Major minerals require ______ mg/day
Greater than 100mg Ex: Ca and P
155
Trace minerals or micro-minerals require ______ mg/day
Less than 100 Ex: Fe and Zn
156
What are the major cations inside the cell? Major anions inside the cell?
K+ and Mg+ Phosphate and sulfate
157
What are the major cations outside the cell? Major anions?
Sodium and calcium Chloride and bicarbonate
158
Vitamin C improves _____ absorption
Fe2+
159
vitamin D improves absorption of ____, _____ and _____
Ca, P, Mg
160
Fiber inhibits _____ and ____ among others
Iron and Zinc
161
Phytic acid inhibits ____
Zinc
162
Oxalis acid inhibits ____ and other minerals
Calcium
163
What does DASH stand for in the DASH diet?
Dietary approaches to Stop Hypertension
164
Explain the DASH diet and what the target nutrients are.
Low in fat and sodium High in fruits and veggies and low fat dairy products Target nutrients: Ca, K, Mg, Na, fiber, total fat, sat fat an cholesterol
165
_______ helps keep blood pressure normal
K+
166
What are rich sources of K+?
Fruits, veggies and whole grains
167
About ____% of calcium in dairy products is absorbed
30
168
A 154 lb (70 kg) person has approximately _____ lb of Ca sorted in bones and teeth
Approximately 2.2-3 lbs | 1-1.4 kg
169
What are some funcitons of Mg?
``` Stabilizes ATP and ADP and other nucleotides Contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis K+ and Ca metabolism Proper nerve and caridac functions Insulin release from pancreas May prevent heart rhythm abnormalities ```
170
What are 7 examples of major minerals?
``` Na K Cl Ca P Mg S ```
171
What are the RDAs for sodium? Age 19-50 Age 51-70 Ages> 70
19-50: 1500mg 51-70: 1300mg >70: 1200mg
172
What are the toxicity symptoms of sodium?
Hypertension contributor Increases calcium loss in urine UL is 2300mg
173
What s the RDA of K?
4700 mg
174
What are dietary sources of K+?
``` Spinach Squash Bananas Orange juice Milk Meat Legumes Whole grains ```
175
What are deficiency symptoms of K?
Irregular heart beat Loss of appetite Muscle cramps
176
What is the RDA of Cl-?
2300mg
177
What are the deficiency symptoms of Cl-?
Convulsions in infants
178
What is the upper level of Cl-?
3600 mg
179
What is the RDA of calcium? Age 9-18 Age >18
1300mg | 1000-1200mg
180
What are the major funcitons of Mg?
Bone formation Aids in enzyme function Aid nerve and heart function
181
What are the major functions of phosphorus?
Bone and tooth strength Part of various metabolic compounds Acid/base balance
182
What is the RDA of P? Age 9-18 Age greater than 18
1250mg | 700mg
183
What is the RDA of Mg?
400-420mg men | 310-320 mg women
184
What is the daily nutritional need of trace minerals?
Less than 100mg/d Less than 5 grams in total body Less than 1 % of body total minerals
185
What are the 9 trace minerals?
``` Fe Zn Se I Cu F Chromium Mn Molybdenum ```
186
``` What are the adequate intakes of the trace minerals? Fe Zn Se I Cu F Chromium Mn Molybdenum ```
``` Fe- 8mg (men) 18 mg (postmenopausal women) Zn- 11mg (men) 8 mg women Se - 55 micrograms I - 150 micrograms Cu- 900 micrograms F- men 3.8 mg, women 3.1 mg Chromium- 25-35 micrograms Mn- 1.8-2.3 mg Molybdenum- 45 micrograms ```
187
What are the major functions of Fe?
Components of Hb Immune function Cognitive development
188
What are the major functions of Zn?
``` Required for many enzymes Growth Immunity Alcohol metabolism Sexual development Reproduction Antioxidant protection ```
189
What is the major function of Se?
Part of an antioxidant system
190
What is the major funciton of iodide?
Component of thyroid Hormone
191
What are the major functions of Cu?
Aids in iron metabolism Works with many antioxidant systems Protein metabolism
192
What is the main function of Fluroide?
Increases resistance of tooth enamel to dental carries
193
What is the main funciton of chromium?
Enhances insulin action
194
What is the main function of Mn?
Cofactor of one enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism | Works with some antioxidant system
195
What are some deficiency symptoms of Fe?
Fatigue Anemia Low blood Hb
196
What are some toxicity symptoms and the upper limit of Fe?
Liver and heart damage GI upset UL- 45mg
197
What are some deficiency symptoms of Zn? And
Skin rash Diarrhea Cramps Depressed immune function
198
What are the toxicity symptoms of Zn and what is its upper level?
``` Reduced Cu absorption Diarrhea Cramps Depressed immune system funciton UL- 40 mg ```
199
What are the deficiency symptoms of Se?
Muscle pain, weakness and form of heart disease
200
What are the toxicity symptoms of Se and what is its upper limit?
``` Nausea Vomiting Hair loss Weakness Liver disease UL- 400 micrograms ```
201
What are the deficiency symptoms of Iodine?
Goiter Mental retardation Poor growth in infancy
202
What is the UL of iodine?
1.1 mg | Too much leads to inhibition of thyroid function
203
What are some deficiency symptoms of Cu?
Anemia Low WBC count Poor growth
204
What is the upper level of Cu?
8-10 mg | Vomiting and nervous system disorders
205
What is the deficiency symptom of chromium?
High blood glucose after eating
206
_______ is a major source of heme iron
Red meat
207
_____ is a poor source of iron
Milk
208
What is a good source of many trace minerals?
Seafood
209
What is the sotrage form of iron?
Ferritin
210
How is iron transported?
Transferrin
211
Non-heme iron must be _____ for transport across the brush border and then ______ to be bound to transferrin for transport
Reduced to heme iron for absorption | Oxidized to non-heme iron for transport in the blood bound to transferrin
212
What are factors that increase Fe absorption?
``` High body demand for RBC Low body stores of Fe Heme iron in food Meat protein factor (MPF) Vitamin C intake Gastric acidity ```
213
What ar the factors that decrease Fe absorption?
``` High levels of ferritin (stored Fe) Phytic acid in whole grains and legumes Oxalis acid in leafy veggies Polyphenols in tea, coffee, red wine and oregano Reduced gastric acidity Excessive intake of Zn, Mn or Ca ```
214
What are 3 funcitonal proteins Fe is in?
Hemoglobin Myoglobin Iron-containing enzymes
215
What are 2 transport proteins Fe is in?
Transferrin | Ferroportin
216
What are the storage proteins of Fe?
Ferritin hemosiderin
217
What is unique about Fe anemia?
RBC are microcytic and hypochromic
218
_______ deficiency can lead to hemolytic anemia ______ deficiency can lead to hemorrhagic anemia ______ defines can lead to microcytic and siderblastic anemia
Vitamin E Vitamin K B-6
219
What are excellent sources of Zn?
Shellfish, lobsters, crabs and oysters
220
The higher the animal protein uptake the higher the _____ absorption
Zn
221
______ is important in growth and development of sexual organs and bones
Zn
222
What is the adequate intake of F?
3.1 to 3.8
223
_____ is involved in glucose homeostasis
Chromiu,
224
Catalase Aconitase ETC complexes I-IV All require what mineral?
Fe
225
What is the function of catalase and what is the cofactor for it?
Breakdown of H2O2 | Fe
226
What is the function of aconitase and what mineral is the cofactor for it?
Conversion of citrate to isocitrate | Fe
227
What mineral is important in ETC complexes and what is the function?
Fe | Oxidative phosphorylation
228
``` Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase Carboxypeptidase A Insulin-degrading enzyme All have which mineral as their cofactor? ```
Zn

Nutrition (4 decks)

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