Energy Transfer part 2

Question 1

What are the 3 energy systems that act as a continuum?

Answer 1

Short term(ATP-PCr)
long term (Aerobic Glycolysis)
intermediate (Anaerobic Glycolysis)

Question 2

How is energy provided in the short term energy system?

Answer 2

from high E phosphates from ATP and CP

Question 3

ATP and CP are stored in

Answer 3

contractile mechanisms of muscle (myofibril)

Question 4

Short term energy system allows for

Answer 4

all out work for 10 seconds (anaerobic)

High power/ low capacity

Question 5

How is short term energy altered?

Answer 5

with training. increase mass = increased storage capacity

Question 6

Energy system for work lasting 30-180 seconds?/

Answer 6

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 7

The lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis) provides energy for

Answer 7

muscle endurance and high intensity work/

Question 8

What happens in anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 8

glucose broken down. LA is end product causing burn due to decrease in pH of muscle.

Question 9

in anaerobic glycolysis, where does the E to phosphorylate ADP come from?

Answer 9

blood glucose and stored glycogen.

Question 10

Why can’t the body function on the lactic acid system for long?

Answer 10

enzymes and contractile mechanisms of muscle do not function with increased acidity.

Question 11

Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur and whats sequence?

Answer 11

cytoplasm

Glycogen->glucose->LA= 2 ATP

Question 12

sequence for aerobic system? when is it used?

Answer 12

Glycogen->glucose->pyruvate->Acetyl-CoA->Krebs cycle->ETS-H20 and CO2= 36 ATP

exercise over 3 mins

Question 13

What must be present for the Krebs cycle?

Answer 13

O2

Question 14

Steady state reflects balance between

Answer 14

E required and ATP production via aerobic metabolism.

Question 15

What are the stages of fuel utilization?

Answer 15

1) Digestion/absorbtion
2) Degrading of subunits into acetyl CoA
3) Oxidation of Acetyl CoA -> CO2 and H2O with ATP production

Question 16

Where does degrading stage occur?

Oxidation stage?

Answer 16

cytosol

Mitochondria

Question 17

What are the subunits broken down in fuel utilization?

Answer 17

aa, glucose, FFA , glycerol units.

Question 18

What are the 3 substrates?

Answer 18

Carbs
Fats
Protein

Question 19

What substrates primary function is to supply E for cellular work?

what can It’s stored energy be used to generate?

Answer 19

Carbs

ATP anaerobically

Question 20

What is required so that fat can be processed through the metabolic mill?

Answer 20

a continual breakdown of Carbs

Question 21

What will glucose be broken down into?

what happens if there is O2 present? and if not?

Answer 21

Pyruvic Acid

Converted to Acetyl CoA and enters Krebs Cycle

LA forms

Question 22

Rate of energy released in glycolysis is ____ than rate of E released from lipid breakdown.

Answer 22

3x faster.

Question 23

How much fat is stored compared to carbs?

Answer 23

60-100,000 KCals in adipose tissue Vs. 2000KCals of Carbs

Question 24

What is the storage form of Fat?

and what are they broken down into?

Answer 24

triglycerides.

glycerol and 3 Free Fatty Acids

Question 25

Where are FFAs delivered to? what happens if they are not used?

Answer 25

active tissues where they are mobilized. converted to LDL by the liver.

Question 26

How is mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue augmented?

Answer 26

E and NE, glucagon, and growth hormone.

Question 27

How much ATP does the breakdown of FFA through beta oxidation and Krebs cycle yield?

Answer 27

441

Question 28

Breakdown of glycerol through glycolysis and Krebs cycle yields

Answer 28

19 ATP

Question 29

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body?

Answer 29

Fat.

Question 30

What is secreted to decrease appetite

Answer 30

Leptin and Estrogens

Question 31

Can serve important role as E substrate during sustained exercise

Answer 31

Protein.

Question 32

How does protein provide energy?

Answer 32

amino acids converted to form then enter metabolic pathways.

Question 33

In proteins, what must be removed and where does it occur?

Answer 33

nitrogen deamination accuse in the liver.

Question 34

Where does transamination occur?

Answer 34

skeletal muscle.

Question 35

What happens to the nitrogen containing amino group?

Answer 35

must be excreted from the body dissolved in fluids.

Question 36

Protein RDA for adults athletes?

Answer 36

.83 g/kg of body mass 1.2-1.8 g/ kg of body mass.

Question 37

What provides the means by which organic compounds formed from the breakdown of fats and proteins are metabolized for energy?

Answer 37

Krebs cycle.

Question 38

Krebs cycle is the vital link between

Answer 38

Food E and chemical energy of ATP

Question 39

Breakdown of FFA depends on

Answer 39

continual background level of glucose catabolism and O2

Question 40

Degradation of FFA via the Krebs cycle continues only if

Answer 40

sufficient oxaloacetic acid is available to combine with Acetyl CoA formed during beta oxidation.

Question 41

What cannot enter Krebs cycle during CHO depletion or restriction? what results?

Answer 41

Acetyl CoA from beta oxidation and FFA from adipose tissue. increase in the extracellular fluids and are converted to ketone bodies by the liver.

Question 42

What does fuel utilization during exercise depend on?

Answer 42

intensity Duration Fitness and Nutritional level.

Question 43

What is prime contributor of energy during first few minutes of exercise? why?

Answer 43

stored muscle Glycogen because of ability to generate E without O2 presence.

Question 44

What can 2 hour bout of exercise do?

Answer 44

deplete glycogen in the liver and exercising muscle.

Question 45

What becomes source of energy as glycogen stores decrease during exercise progression?

Answer 45

blood borne glucose becomes major source of CHO and utilization of fat occurs

Question 46

at about 2 hours of exercise, how much VO2 max is sustained and why?

Answer 46

50 % slow rate of aerobic E release from fat metabolism.

Question 47

Why are FFA released from adipose tissue?

Answer 47

due to hormonal stimulation of SNS and decreased insulin levels.

Question 48

When does protein breakdown occur?

Answer 48

when CHO stores are low.

Question 49

``` Fuel source during <30% VO2 max? 40-60? 75? >80? ```

Answer 49

<30=muscle fat 40-60= Fat and CHO evenly 75%=mostly carbs >80%=100% carbs.

Question 50

upper limits of exercise intensity depends on

Answer 50

rate that cells extract, conserve and transfer chemical energy of food to myofibrils.

Question 51

what alters rate of E release during chemical reactions?

Answer 51

Enzymes and co-enzymes.

Question 52

Difference between total O2 consumed during exercise and total that would have been consumed had a steady state of aerobic metabolism be reached immediately from start?

Answer 52

O2 deficit

Question 53

Energy supplied from O2 deficit is from what?

Answer 53

anaerobic systems (STP/CP/anaerobic glycolysis(LA system))

Question 54

Who has less O2 deficit? why?

Answer 54

train person. they reach steady state more rapidly.

Question 55

the time it takes the body to get adjusted to exercise?

Answer 55

circulatory lag.

Question 56

What is reasoning of circulatory lag?

Answer 56

it is time of production of oxidizable substrate (H+) in which O2 combines.

Question 57

What does EPOC stand for?

Answer 57

Excess post exercise O2 consumption AKA O2 Debt.

Question 58

Vo2 in recovery- VO2 theoretically consumed at rest=

Answer 58

O2 uptake in recovery.

Question 59

Reflects the anaerobic metabolism of exercise and the respiratory-circulatory-hormonal-ionic-thermal adjustments of recovery

Answer 59

O2 Debt/ EPOC

Question 60

In submit exercise, recovery is______ and can last ____

Answer 60

rapid 2-3 mins

Question 61

In stressful exercise, what happens to recovery?

Answer 61

body requires more time to return to rest can last hours

Question 62

What is responsible for increasing metabolic rate after exercise?

Answer 62

recover.