Pulmonary Dynamics Flashcards by Maria Cabrera

Breathing is essential to the

bioenergetic processes of life.

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What are purposes of breathing?

1: Exchange of O2
2: Exchange of CO2
3: Control of Blood Acidity
4: Oral communication

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Where is O2 and CO2 exchanged?

Alveoli between the atmph and blood.

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Process of ventilation results in Higher PO2 in _____ compared to _____

lungs

metabolizing tissues.

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What affects the amount of O2 and CO2 exchanged between body and atmosphere?

Speed and depth of breathing.

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movement of air in and out of lungs?

Ventilation

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Cellular utilization of O2

Respiration.

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How are inspiration and expiration regulated?

Frequency and Volume.

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VDS=

deadspace= 150 mL

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VA=

alveolar ventilation=

(V1-VDS)xF

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VT=

Tidal volume=

VA+VDS
or
VE/F

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VE=

Minute Ventilation=

VTxBF

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It is more efficient to Breathe

Deep and less often.

increases VT and decrease F

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What consumes O2 for work of breathing? what does this result in?

Respiratory muscles.

less O2 for exercising muscles.

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Rate and depth of breathing are adjusted in response to

Body’s metabolic needs.

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What is regulated at resting values regardless of exercise intensity?

PaO2
PaCO2
pH

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Results from inherent and automatic activity of inspiratory neurons?

Where are the cell bodies of these neurons?

Respiratory cycle.

in the medulla.

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Inhalation is a ____ process

Expiration is a ___ process.

Active

Passive (recoil)

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Specialized neurons that monitor blood conditions and provide feeback?

Chemoreceptors

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Regulated by the chemical state of blood at rest?

Pulm ventilation.

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Reduced O2 pressures stimulate ___ ? for what?

aortic and carotid chemoreceptors to increase ventilation.

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What is the only protection against decrease in PaO2

Peripheral Chemoreceptors.

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Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate ventilation in response to

Decreased PaO2
Increase PaCO2
Temo
Metabolic acidosis
Decrease in BP
Change in H+
exercise.

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At rest for healthy ppl, most important stimulus is

why?

CO2 pressures.

increase in PaCO2 cause large increase in VE

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Central chemoreceptors location and what they respond to

medulla PaCO2 and H+

What are phases of Control during exercise?

Rapid Rise Rise to steady state Steady State Recovery.

What happens in phase 1 of control during exercise?

neurogenic stimuli from cortex combine with feedback from active limbs stimulate medulla to increase ventilation. ^VE

What happens in phase 2 of control during exercise? What is it regulated by?

ventilation rises to steady state. regulated by cortex and intrinsic neurons on respiratory control center.

What happens in phase 3 of control during exercise?

fine tuning of steady state through peripheral chemoreceptors and cortex. VE matches CO2 production.

What happens in recovery phase of control during exercise?

initial rapid decrease because of removing cortex and movement. slows due to removal of short term potentiation of respiratory center.

What effects VE, VO2 and VCO2 more than any other form of physiologic Stress

Physical activity.

increases to maintain the proper gas concentrations for rapid gas exchange.

alveolar ventilation.

in light/mod exercise. ventilation is increased through increasing ____ what takes on important role at higher level? ventilation increases ____

VT Breathing frequency. linearly with VO2

Ventilation averages ____ of air for each _____ of oxygen consumed.

20-25 L 1 Liter

Ratio of VE to VO2? equation

Ventilatory equivalent VE/VO2 25:1 at submit exercise.

In steady state, VO2 and VE ___

plateu

at more intense exercise: ventilation increases__ VE/VO2=

disproportionately with VO2 35:1

Exercise level that LA begins to show a systemic increase above resting baseline levels?

Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) 4.0mM

at submax levels O2 delivery to muscles can no longer support requirement of oxidation thus more E is derived from

glycolysis.

OBLA in trained vs untrained.

70% VO2 max | 55-65% VO2 max.

almost all of the LA generated during anaerobic metabolism is buffered in the blood by____ what are byproducts.

NaHCO2 and byproducts are: Sodium lactate/H2O/CO2 Co2 gets exhaled.

OBLA relates to the onset of

anaerobiosis and accumulation of LA

What is mechanism for rise of VE in submac exercise/ non-steady state?

Breathing frequency.

point where VE and VCO increases disproportionately to V02 during graded exercise. Also known as the

Ventilatory threshold Anaerobic threshold.

describes the highest V02 or exercise intensity before a 1.0mM increase in blood lactate concentration above the pre-exercise level.

lactate threshold.

More muscle mass that is used, OBLA will occur at a

higher VO2

Influence and predict endurance performance

VO2max and OBLA

Training can be improved to point of

OBLA w/o increase to VO2.

Factors of OBLA

Muscle fiber type Capillary Density Mitochondria Size + # alteration of muscle's enzyme and oxidative capabilities.

Factors of VO2 max

absolute quantity of muscle mass activated | Functional capacity of Cardiovascular system

The exercise intensity at the point of OBLA is a consistent and powerful predictor of

performance in aerobic exercise. changes in training related to bola not VO2

Less adaptation in pulmonary structure and function occurs in aerobic training than

Cardiovascular and neuromuscular function.

Ve max increases with

increase in VO2 max

At submax Ventilatory equivalent___ VT becomes ______ and Breathing Frequency is ____

decreases larger reduced.

Who is ventilation a factor in limiting aerobic capacity for?

elite athlete.

Greater capacity to increase ventilation during aerobic exercise than

Q (6fold) VO2 (20 fold) ventilation is (35 fold)

VE max in healthy individuals during max aerobic exercise?

60-85% of Max voluntary ventilation. MVV

health individuals have MVV reserve of

20-40%

n COPD, the added expiratory resistance ____ normal cost of breathing at rest and severely limits

triples. the exercise capacity of individuals.

In severe COPD the energy cost of breathing attains of the total exercise V02.

40%

Exercise training produces only small improvements in PFT but increases

exercise capacity reduces dyspnea improve respiratory and peripheral muscle function enhance psychologic state.

Cigarette smoking the exercise HR response why?

BLUNTS due to altered sensitivity in ANS control.