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Year 4 > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Analgesic associated with tinnitus

A

NSAIDs

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2
Q

Hearing loss from base of skull fracture

A

= sensorineural hearing loss

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3
Q

Audiogram threshold for ‘normal’ hearing

A

Above 20dB is normal

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4
Q

Hearing better in noisy environments =

A

Paracusis

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5
Q

Arteries supplying the nose

A 
Anterior ethmoidal 
Posterior ethmoidal 
Lateral nasal 
Septal branch of superior labial 
Greater palantine 
Sphenopalantine
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6
Q

Carotid branches supplying nose

A

Internal - ophthalmic

External - facial, maxillary

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7
Q

Common nosebleed site

Location in nose

A

Kiesselbach’s Plexus

Found on lateral nasal wall

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8
Q

What type of nosebleed is more common?

A

Anterior

Posterior - usually bilateral bleeding

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9
Q

Space between true vocal cords

A

Rima glottidis

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10
Q

Difference (anatomically) between stertor and stridor

A 
Stertor = obstruction above the level of the larynx 
Stridor = air flow changes within the larynx, trachea or main bronchi
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11
Q

Process of Laryngectomy

A

Larynx removed
End stoma created, brings trachea to the neck midline
Pharynx closed so that oesophagus ONLY connects with mouth and nose

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12
Q

Problem with cricothyroidotomy

A

Lets the air in but doesn’t offer the best ventilation

A temporary or emergent procedure

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13
Q

Investigation of OME

A

Tympanogram
Will be flat
If OME in adults need to look at the nasopharyngeal area = tumour?

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14
Q

Surgical management of OME

A

Myringotomy

Then insert grommet into hole in ear drum

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15
Q

Complications of acute OM (2)

A

Acute mastoiditis - ear pinna pushed laterally if abscess forms

Cholesteatoma

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16
Q

Otosclerosis

Association with worsening of hearing loss

A

Pregnancy
HRT
= driven by oestrogens

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17
Q

Pathophysiology of otosclerosis

A

Stapes footplate becomes fixated to the tympanic membrane

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18
Q

Autoimmune causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A

GPA

Sarcoidosis

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19
Q

Pulsatile tinnitus (2)

A

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Giant cell arteritis

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20
Q

Nerve supply of the tympanic membrane

A

CN V3
CN VII
CN IX

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21
Q

Difference between primary and secondary otalgia

A 
Primary = direct stimulation of the nerve due to otogenic pathology 
Secondary = referred pain e.g. cervical spine, dental disease/TMJ or oropharynx
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22
Q

Leukoplakia =

A

= white patches in the mouth, premalignant

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23
Q

Testing for allergies (2)

A

Skin prick testing

RAST testing

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24
Q

Non-sedating anti-histamines (2)

A

Cetirizine

Loratadine

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25
Inhaled steroids used in asthma (3)
Beclometasone Fluticasone Mometasone
26
What bone do the olfactory fibres pass through?
Cribriform plate of ethmoid
27
What part of the brain stem does CN VII come off at?
Pontomedullary junction
28
CN VII supplies what middle ear structure?
Stapedius muscle
29
Nerve fibres contained in chorda tympani | Relation to ear drum
CN VII and CN V3 Can be damaged in a superior-posterior perforation of the ear drum Need assessment of hearing
30
Scale used to assess facial palsy
House-Brackmann Scale
31
Facial Palsy | Feature in Stroke
Facial palsy in stroke is FOREHEAD SPARING | The forehead receives bitemporal innervation (if Bell's palsy = LMN, stroke = UMN)
32
Management of Bell's Palsy
Often self-limiting but high dose steroids can help
33
Symbols in Audiogram
``` Circle = round right X = left Triangle = bone conduction ```
34
Snoring: stertor or stridor?
Stertor = turbulent airflow at level of soft palate, tonsils and tongue base
35
Mild Obstructive SA =
5-15 episodes/hour
36
Management of Obstructive SA
CPAP | Mandibular advancement splint
37
Test for BPPV
Dix Hallpike
38
Management of BPPV
Epley Manoeuvre
39
Presentation of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
Vertigo + other symptoms | e.g. visual disturbance, weakness, numbness
40
Management of Migraine Abortive agents Prophylaxis
``` Abortive = triptans Prophylaxis = amitriptyline, propranolol ```
41
Association with non-syndromic SNHL
Connexin-26 mutations
42
Usher's Sydnrome (3) | Mode of Inheritance
SNHL Retinitis Pigmentosa Balance Problems Autosomal recessive
43
Newborn Screening Test
Objective Audiometry
44
Insertion Site of Grommets
Antero-inferior quadrant
45
Presentation of viral pharyngitis (2)
Coryzal symptoms | NORMAL tonsils
46
Commonest bacterial cause of tonsillitis
Group A streptococci
47
Centor Criteria (4)
Absence of cough Tonsillar exudates History of fever Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
48
FeverPAIN Score (5)
``` Fever in past 24 hours Purulence Attend rapidly Severely inflamed tonsils No cough or coryza ```
49
Indication for Tonsillectomy
>7 episodes in one year | OR >5/year for 2 years OR >3/year for 3 years
50
Presentation of Pero-Tonsillar Abscess (4)
Severe unilateral sore throat Dysphagia Odynophagia Otalgia
51
Trismus =
= lock jaw
52
Investigation of Infectious Mononucleosis
Serum monospot Atypical lymphocytes Abnormal LFTs
53
Contraindication in Glandular Fever
Don't prescribe amoxicillin, can get generalised macular rash
54
Risk in Glandular Fever
Splenic Rupture | Need to avoid contact sports
55
AB used in Epiglottitis
Ceftriaxone
56
Contraindication in Epiglottitis (Kids)
Examining the airway - may worsen/close off the airway
57
Pathophysiology of Pharyngeal Pouch
= laterally above the cricopharyngeus muscle and below the lower constrictor muscle
58
Normal Ear Rinne's Result
Rinne's POSITIVE
59
Weber's Conductive Hearing Loss Result
LOUDER in the ear with conductive loss
60
How does Paget's cause SNHL?
= bony growth can compress CN VIII
61
Location of branchial cyst
Anterior to the sternocleidomastoid
62
Definition of chronic OME
Must be greater that 3 months
63
Management of epistaxis (6)
``` First aid/nasal compression Nasal cautery Nasal packing Ligation of sphenopalatine artery Ligation of external carotid artery Embolisation ```
64
Which part of the nose does the sphenopalatine artery supply?
Lateral wall
65
Hearing loss Meniere's Disease
Low frequency sensorineural hearing loss
66
Key features in Quinsy (2)
Laterality of sore throat | Voice change
67
Management of Ramsay Hunt (2)
7 days of oral aciclovir | 5 days of oral steroid
68
AB Management of Gingivitis
Metronidazole
69
Indications for Antibiotics in Otitis Media (4)
>4 days duration Systemically unwell <2 years with bilateral OM Perforation
70
Management of Otitis Media | Newborn
Cefotaxime
71
Organism in bacterial OM
H. influenzae

Year 4 (27 decks)

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