ENT Al-Mehdi

Question 1

organism responsible for otitis externa

Answer 1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 2

why do children develop otitis media more commonly than adults do?

Answer 2

b/c their Eustachian Tube is more flat and narrow than adults and can’t drain well

Question 3

2 most common pathogens that can cause otitis media

Answer 3

S. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza B

Question 4

one infection invites other types of organisms

Answer 4

super infection

Question 5

s’x include itching, pain, erythema, edema of EAC, pinna tenderness

Answer 5

otitis externa

Question 6

topical treatment for otitis externa

Answer 6

polymyxin + neomycin + hydrocortisone
OR
Cipro + hydrocortisone

Question 7

presence of fluid behind tympanic membrane and inflammation means

Answer 7

otitis media

Question 8

first line of treatment for otitis media

Answer 8

Amoxicillin

Question 9

if there is no response of infection to amoxicillin for otitis media, what do you do

Answer 9

Amoxicillin + clavulanate
(Augmentin)

Question 10

complication of otitis media

Answer 10

mastoiditis

Question 11

what 2 things can arise from mastoiditis

Answer 11

1. brain abscess
2. sinus thrombosis

Question 12

2 pathogens that cause common cold

Answer 12

rhinovirus
coronavirus

Question 13

starts as viral infection

Answer 13

common cold

Question 14

patient experiences itchy throat and sneezing first

Answer 14

common cold

Question 15

by day 2, patient experiences rhinorrhea, then later can experience cough

Answer 15

common cold

Question 16

allergic rhinitis and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis are DDx for

Answer 16

common cold

Question 17

first line treatment for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis

Answer 17

amoxicillin + clavulanate

Question 18

if patient w/ acute bacterial rhinosinusitis has allergy to penicillin, what to treat them with

Answer 18

doxycycline

Question 19

treatment for common cold

Answer 19

NONE

Question 20

this drug is an M3 blocker (allows for bronchodilation)

Answer 20

Ipratropium

Question 21

this drug is used to help patient breathe while they are having sx of rhinorrhea

Answer 21

Ipratropium

Question 22

antihistamine used to help treat sx of rhinorrhea

Answer 22

chlorpheniramine

Question 23

______ are ineffective to treat nasal congestion

Answer 23

antihistamines

Question 24

alpha-1 adrenergic agonist such as ______ are used to treat nasal congestion

Answer 24

pseudoephedrine

Question 25

cough reflex in a nut shell:

Answer 25

signal travels along phrenic to brain, then back down to diaphragm and abdomen to contract and produce cough

Question 26

common component of cough drugs that is centrally active (acts at cough center in brain)

Answer 26

DEXTROMETHROPHAN

Question 27

best prophylaxis you can do for common cold

Answer 27

hand-washing

Question 28

treatment for pertussis

Answer 28

macrolides

Question 29

treatment for diphtheria

Answer 29

penicillin and antitoxin

Question 30

infection of which air sinus is the most difficult to evaluate by physical exam

Answer 30

sphenoid sinus

Question 31

unilateral HA, swelling of eyes, purulent secretions from L middle turbinate, eye paralysis, neck stiffness; fever labs: increase WBC in CSF and blood (all signs of infection)

Answer 31

sphenoid sinusitis

Question 32

deals w/ unilateral retro-orbital pain and purulent drainage from nose

Answer 32

sphenoid sinus

Question 33

signs of this include proptosis (eye bulging), and chemosis (fluid coming from conjunctiva)

Answer 33

cavernous sinus septic thrombosis

Question 34

signs mainly include neck stiffness and facial/orbital cellulitis, abnormal eye movements

Answer 34

meningitis

Question 35

2 main causes of bacterial sinusitis

Answer 35

S. pneumoniae H. influenza

Question 36

complaints of nasal obstruction, facial/dental pain, and purulent discharge in the nose or posterior nasopharynx

Answer 36

bacterial sinusitis

Question 37

2 main causes of viral sinusitis (most common)

Answer 37

rhinovirus influenza

Question 38

drug of choice for bacterial sinusitis

Answer 38

Amoxicillin

Question 39

drug to use if patient w/ sinusitis is allergic to penicillin

Answer 39

Fluoroquinolones

Question 40

patient w/ frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid sinus infection require hospitalization and IV Ab's including...

Answer 40

oxacillin + ceftriaxone + metronidazole

Question 41

most common cause of pharyngitis; 50% of all cases in children

Answer 41

S. pyogenes (Group A strep)

Question 42

if there is a cough, what infection will it NOT be

Answer 42

pharyngitis

Question 43

2 complications of pharyngitis include

Answer 43

peritonsillar abscess pericarditis

Question 44

in cases of proven S. pyogenes for pharyngitis, treat with what

Answer 44

penicillin

Question 45

in cases of S. pyogenes for pharyngitis in patient who is allergic to penicillin, treat with what

Answer 45

cephalosporin or macrolides

Question 46

sequelae to strep infection

Answer 46

acute rheumatic fever

Question 47

primary agent that causes epiglottitis

Answer 47

H. influenza B

Question 48

sore throat, drooling, dysphagia, dyspnea, swollen epiglottis

Answer 48

epiglottitis

Question 49

to prevent epiglottitis

Answer 49

vaccinate against H. influenzae B

Question 50

to treat epiglottitis

Answer 50

ceftriaxone

Question 51

penicillin-allergic patients can tolerate this 3rd generation cephalosporin

Answer 51

Ceftriaxone

Question 52

super Ab for gram +

Answer 52

vancomycin

Question 53

treats TB

Answer 53

cycloserine

Question 54

SE of this drug causes "red-man" syndrome (massive release of histamine)

Answer 54

vancomycin

Question 55

2 drugs that disrupt cell membrane integrity

Answer 55

polymyxin nad daptomycin

Question 56

drug that forms channels in the cell membrane; operates in seconds (bactericidal)

Answer 56

daptomycin

Question 57

drug used if patient has vancomycin resistance

Answer 57

daptomycin

Question 58

most toxic class of Ab's; inhibits DNA synthesis (replication)

Answer 58

fluoroquinolones

Question 59

inhibits DNA synthesis (transcription)

Answer 59

Rifampicin

Question 60

bactericidal for TB/leprosy (mycobacterium infections); SE- gives red-orange color to urine

Answer 60

Rifampicin

Question 61

binds to 30S reversibly; treats weird obligate intracellular pathogens

Answer 61

tetracycline (doxycycline)

Question 62

irreversibly binds 30S; bactericidal; primarily for gram -'s

Answer 62

aminoglycosides

Question 63

SE of aminoglycosides

Answer 63

vestibulotoxicity nephrotoxicity neurotoxicity

Question 64

reversibly binds 50S; bacteriostatic

Answer 64

Macrolides

Question 65

this drug targets dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and disrupts folic acid metabolism

Answer 65

sulfonamides

Question 66

this drug targets dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and disrupts folic acid metabolism

Answer 66

Trimethoprim

Question 67

these 2 drugs combine and form bactrim and it now bactericidal; used to treat UTI's caused by E. coli

Answer 67

trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazone

Question 68

this pathogen lives on skin and has capsule

Answer 68

S. aureus

Question 69

this pathogen lives in large intestine and has capule

Answer 69

E. coli

Question 70

these 4 pathogens live in URT and have a capsule

Answer 70

S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes N. meningitis H. influenzae