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Phase 2 Block 1 > Enterobacterales > Flashcards

Enterobacterales Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the gram staining of enterobacterales?

A

Gram negative bacilli

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2
Q

Enterobacterales are able to grow in what type of oxygen conditions? What is this type of bacteria labeled?

A

Aerobic or facultative anaerobes (2 types)
They can grow with or without oxygen

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3
Q

Do enterobacterales form spores?

A

No

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4
Q

How to enterobacterales make energy?

A

Glucose fermentation

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5
Q

Enterobacterales are catalase (+/-) and oxidase (+/-)

A

Catalase pos
Oxidase neg

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6
Q

These enterobacterales are strict human pathogens. What are they?

A

Salmonella typhi
Yersinia pestis

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7
Q

This an enterobacterale that is part of normal GI flora but can become pathogenic by acquiring pathogenic genes or if there is opportunity for infection

A

Eschericha coli

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8
Q

There are 7 common virulence factors associated with enterobacteriacease

A

Endotoxin
Capsule
Antigenic phase variation
Type III secretion systems
Sequestration of growth factors
Resistance to serum killing
Antimicrobial resistance

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9
Q

What is antigenic phase variation?

A

Bacteria changes its surface protein to evade host immune response
Bacteria can do this randomly or based on env cues

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10
Q

What is the type III secretion system?

A

Protein structure in some bacteria that allows them to inject virulence factors into host cells that let them manipulate the host cells

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11
Q

What is involved in traditional bacterial identification methods?

A

Use of phenotypic methods such as cultivation on growth and/or selective media, gram staining, and testing to determine metabolic and biochemical properties

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12
Q

What is involved in automated bacterial identification system?

A

May or may not use a machine
Biochemical assays (may also be used for susceptibility testing)
MALDI-TOF uses mass spec. to identify a sample with computer

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13
Q

Is gram staining beneficial for direct detection of Enterobacteriaceae in stool samples?

A

No; Enterobacteriaceae are gram neg as are many bacteria part of normal gut flora
Elevated WBCs may suggest enteric infection but their lack is not enough to rule out toxin-mediated GI disease

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14
Q

What diseases are associated with E. Coli?

A

Gastroenteritis
UTIs
Neonatal sepsis/meningitis
Bacteremia
HAI

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15
Q

What is ETEC?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli

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16
Q

What site does ETEC infect and what disease(s) does it cause?

A

Infects the small bowel
Causes traveler’s diarrhea, infant diarrhea in developing countries

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17
Q

What is EPEC?

A

Enteropathogenic E. Coli

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18
Q

What site does EPEC infect and what disease(s) does it cause?

A

Infects the small bowel
Causes infant diarrhea in developing countries

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19
Q

What is EAEC?

A

Enteroaggregative E. Coli

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20
Q

What site does EAEC infect and what disease(s) does it cause?

A

Small bowel
Infant diarrhea in developing and probably developed countries; travellers diarrhea

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21
Q

What is STEC?

A

Shiga toxin-producing e. coli

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22
Q

What site does STEC infect and what disease(s) does it cause?

A

Large bowel
Bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome

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23
Q

What is EIEC?

A

Enteroinvasive e. coli

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24
Q

What site does EIEC infect and what disease(s) does it cause?

A

Large bowel
Bloody diarrhea

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25
What toxin do all members of STEC produce what causes the illness(es) associated with these strains?
Shiga toxin 1 and/or 2
26
What is the most common serotype of STEC associated with illness?
O157:H7
27
Non-O157 strains of what bacteria cause severe gastroenteritis/HUS/outbreaks
STEC
28
What is hemolytic uremic syndrome characterized by?
Acute renal failure Thrombocytopenia Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
29
What can increase the risk hemolytic uremic syndrome with STEC infections?
Administering antibiotics For this reason, pts suspected of having STEC is not recommended and should be held off on until dx testing is done and STEC is ruled out
30
What are the diagnostic tools used for identifying STEC?
Sorbitol MacConkey EIA to detect Shiga toxin Molecular assays
31
What specimens can be used for STEC diagnosis?
Stool Blood Urine Bone Marrow (typhoid fever)
32
What are some culture-independent methods of identifying STEC?
PCR Serology
33
What do uropathogenic strain of e. coli produce that allow them to cause UTIs?
Adhesin production (pili, AAF/I, AAF/III, and Dr) —> bladder lining binding
34
This enzyme in uropathogen strains of e. coli lyse erythrocytes and other cells
Hemolysin HlyA
35
75% of e. coli strains that cause neonatal meningitis have this virulence factor; what is this called?
K1 capsular antigen
36
Septicemia commonly originates from what site(s)?
Bladder (UTI) and GI infection (intra-abd infection)
37
Which Samonella species accounts for most human infections?
S. enterica
38
What are the 2 species of salmonella?
S. enterica and S. Bongari
39
Are salmonella part of normal flora?
NO she’s always bad in the body
40
What are some clinical infections associated with salmonella spp.?
Gastroenteritis Septicaemia Typhoid fever Chronic carriage Focal infections: osteomyelitis, meningitis, brain abscess, endocarditis
41
This media is selective for salmonella spp and some shigella spp.
**Salmonella-Shigella agar** inhibition of certain bacteria and favours growth salmonella spp. via brilliant green and bile salts
42
What are the 4 species of shigella?
S. Dysenteriae S. Flexineri S. Boydii S. Sonnei
43
Which strain of shigella makes Shiga toxin?
S. Dysenteriae
44
What animal(s) are reservoirs for shigella?
Humans only
45
How is shigella transmitted?
- Fecal-oral route (dirty hands) - Water and food (less common)
46
What are the 3 Yersinia species pathogenic in humans?
Y. Pestis Y. Enterocolitica Y. Pseudotoberculosis
47
What is the pathogen for “the plague”?
Y. Pestis
48
What animal(s) are carriers for Y. Pestis
Rats Humans Fleas
49
What are the 2 clinical manifestations of Y. Pestis?
Bubonic plague Pneumonic plague
50
What Yersinia species cause gastroenteritis?
Y. Enterocolicica Y. Pseudotuberculosis
51
What is the incubation period of yersinia spp.?
1-10 days avg 4-6 days
52
What is the clinical presentation of yersinia?
Diarrhea Fever Abd pain Septicemia Arthritis Hepatitis Osteomyelitis
53
This pathogen is reported to cause blood transfusion-related bacteremia and endotoxic shock
Y. Enterocolitica
54
What are the two klebsiella spp. commonly associated with causing community or hospital-acquired primary lobar pneumonia?
K. Pneumoniae K. Oxytoca
55
This feature is responsible for the virulence and mucoid colony appearance of Klebsiella spp.
Capsule
56
Other than lung infections, what other infections are associated with Klebsiella spp?
Wound and soft tissue UTIs Sepsis
57
This Klebsiella spp is responsible for donovanosis. What is donovanosis?
K. Granulomatis STI characterized by ulcerative lesions on the genital and anal area —> granulomatous tissue
58
What enterobacterales do no need antibiotic therapy?
STEC Salmonella gastroenteritis in the immunocompetent host
59
What is ESBL?
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases = intrinsic resistance Enterobacterales with this enzyme hydrolyze penicillins and cephalosporins
60
What are some methods of preventing enteric infection?
Education (food handling and prep) Infection control measures (handwashing, proper diaper disposal) Vaccines (when available) Water treatment
61
What are the surveillance systems in Canada to monitor cases of food borne illness?
FoodNet Canada National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP) PulseNet Canada

Phase 2 Block 1 (19 decks)

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