Immunity to Infection

Question 1

This type of immunity relies on chemical and physical barriers, interferon system, complement system, phagocytosis/opsonization, and NK cells

Answer 1

Innate immunity

Question 2

This type of immunity relies on antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer 2

Adaptive immunity

Question 3

This is an important part of what gives the adaptive immune system the ability to respond with specificity when encountering a pathogen in the future

Answer 3

Immune memory

Question 4

There are 4 organisms to which we can build immunity to

Answer 4

Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
Fungi

Question 5

The first response to pathogens is mounted by the

Answer 5

Innate immune system

Question 6

What parts of the innate immune system are involved in the immune response to viruses?

Answer 6

Cytokines and NK cells

Question 7

What cytokines are involved in the innate response to viral infection?

Answer 7

Type I IFN (⍺ and β)
Type 2 IFN (γ)
IL-12

Question 8

What do cytokines do?

Answer 8

Chemical messengers that cause biological response
Communicate with and outside the immune system
Involved in acute and chronic responses

Question 9

What do NK cell do during a viral infection?

Answer 9

They kill body cells that are infected with a virus

Question 10

What MHC class does the NK cell interact with to determine if a cell is infected?

Answer 10

MHC class I

Question 11

What parts of the adaptive immune system are involved in the response to a virus?

Answer 11

Antibody-mediated response
Cell-mediated response

Question 12

What is the role of antibodies in dealing with viruses?

Answer 12

Neutralization of free viruses
Opsonization of infected cells for phagocytosis by NK cell, macrophages, and neutrophils (ADCC)
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Question 13

This virus infects B lymphocytes

Answer 13

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 14

These viruses (3) infect T lymphocytes

Answer 14

HIV
Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)
Measles virus

Question 15

These viruses (2) infect macrophages

Answer 15

HIV
Cytomegalovirus

Question 16

This virus encodes IFN-⍺ and β receptor homologs

Answer 16

Vaccinia virus; part of the poxvirus family

Question 17

What happens as a result of the vaccinia virus creating receptor homologs?

Answer 17

Binds IFN ⍺ and β, preventing it from binding to cell receptors

Question 18

This virus has a protein that blocks transport of MHC to the cell surface

Answer 18

Adenovirus makes E3 protein preventing the cell from being able to express on MHC molecules

Question 19

There are 4 innate immune responses to bacterial infection

Answer 19

Antimicrobial peptides
Complement-mediated lysis
Phagocytosis (PRRs and PAMPs interact)
Opsonization
These responses ultimately cause damage to the pathogen membrane —> pathogen death

Question 20

There are 2 antibody-mediated responses to bacteria

Answer 20

Agglutination —> blocking and neutralization of toxins
Phagocytosis (Ab mediated)

Question 21

Gram (-/+) bacteria are resistant to lysis by complement and are dealt with by ab neutralization , opsonization, and phagocytosis

Answer 21

Gram +

Question 22

Gram (-/+) bacteria are susceptible to the complement system

Answer 22

Gram -

Question 23

This bacteria is involved in TB and is handled by phagocytosis and cell-mediated response

Answer 23

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 24

Spirochetes are handles by 3 immune mechanisms

Answer 24

Complement system
Neutralizing antibody
Cell-mediated response

Question 25

This disease is caused by the plasmodium parasite

Answer 25

Malaria

Question 26

What innate immune responses are involved in responding to parasitic infection?

Answer 26

Complement-mediated lysis Phagocytosis (PRRs and PAMPs interactions) Opsonization

Question 27

What adaptive immune responses are involved in responding to parasitic infection?

Answer 27

Ab mediated response Agglutination and blocking Phagocytosis (with ADCC) IgE/mast cell/eosinophil response

Question 28

This disease is caused by a fungi that is part of the normal flora of oral, skin, and intestine. Likely to be found in immunocompromised hosts (AIDS pts, organ recipients)

Answer 28

Candidiasis - caused by candida albicans

Question 29

What innate immune responses are involved in responding to fungal infections?

Answer 29

Barriers (skin, normal flora) Phagocytosis (neutrophils) Complement system (lysis and opsonization)

Question 30

Does the adaptive immune system play a role in responding to fungal infections?

Answer 30

Yes but it’s not well understood

Question 31

What regions interact on the antibody and phagocyte to enable ADCC?

Answer 31

Fc region on the antibody (pole of the “Y”) Fc receptor on the phagocyte

Question 32

Can all e. coli cause illness?

Answer 32

No; depends on the strain Commonly found in the gut, most strains are harmless to humans

Question 33

How does plasmodium cause anemia?

Answer 33

Replication in RBCs —> hemolysis —> anemia

Question 34

Elevation of what 3 blood markers suggest parasitic infection?

Answer 34

Mast cells IgE Eosinophils