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Enterobacteriaceae Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do Enterobacteriaceae reside?

A

In GI tract of humans and animals

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2
Q

List 4 benefits of Enterobacteriaceae

A
  1. Microbial antagonism
  2. Breakdown and absorption of food
  3. Waste processing
  4. Vit. K production
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3
Q

List 4 characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae

A
  1. Gram negative
  2. Facultative anaerobic
  3. Rods or coccobacilli
  4. Oxidase negative (except Plesiomonas and shigelloids)
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4
Q

T/F: Enterobacteriaceae are coliform bacteria

A

True

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5
Q

What is performed to evaluate fecal/sewage contamination?

A

Coliform enumeration

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6
Q

List 3 characteristics of Escherichia coli

A

Lactose positive
Oxidase negative
Motile rods

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7
Q

What is the complete antigenic formula of an E. coli called?

A

Serotype

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8
Q

What do the following serotypes stand for?

O, H, F, K

A 
O= O antigen 
H= Flagella 
F= Fimbriae 
K= Capsule
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9
Q

T/F: The pathogenicity of E. Coli is strain dependent

A

True

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10
Q

What two groups of infectious strains can E. coli have?

A
  1. Intestinal pathogenic strains (Enteric)

2. Extra-intestinal pathogenic strains (ExPEC)

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11
Q

What kind of infections can ExPEC strains of E. coli cause?

A

Respiratory
Septicemia
UTI
Mastitis

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12
Q

What are 4 cell associated virulence factors of E. coli?

A
  1. Endotoxin
  2. Capsule
  3. Fimbrial adhesions
  4. Non-fimbrial adhesions
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13
Q

What are 3 types of extracellular virulence factors E. coli can have?

A
  1. Enterotoxins
  2. Cytotoxins
  3. Siderophores
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14
Q

What are 5 enteric pathotypes of E. coli?

A
  1. ETEC (Enterotoxigenic)
  2. EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic)
  3. VTEC/STEC (Verotoxigenic/shiga-like toxic)
  4. EPEC (Enterpathogenic)
  5. RPEC (Rabbit pathogentic)
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15
Q

What are 4 extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli?

A
  1. APEC (avian pathogenic)
  2. Necrotoxigenic (NTEC) in cattle
  3. Mastitis causing E. coli in cattle
  4. MMA in pigs
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16
Q

What are 5 important E. coli in pigs?

A 
ETEC
VTEC
EPEC
UTI
MMA
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17
Q

What are 6 important E. coli in bovine?

A 
ETEC
EHEC
VTEC
EPEC
Mastitis 
Septicaemiae
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18
Q

What is an important E. Coli strain in dogs and cats?

A

UTI

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19
Q

What is an important E. coli strain in birds?

A

APEC

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20
Q

What is an important E. coli strain in rabbits?

A

RPEC

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21
Q

What are 4 problems E. coli causes in pigs?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Oedema disease
  3. UTI
  4. MMA
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22
Q

What does ETEC cause in pigs?

A

Watery diarrhea

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23
Q

Who does ETEC affect in pigs?

A

Neonatal, 2-4 weeks, weaning

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24
Q

What are the two virulence factors involved with in ETEC in pigs?

A
  1. Adhesion factors (small Intestine)

2. Enterotoxins (plasmids)

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25
What are the 5 adhesion factors involved with ETEC in pigs?
``` F4 F5 F6 F41 F18 ```
26
What are the 4 enterotoxins involved with ETEC in pigs?
1. LT (heat labile) 2. STa (heat stable) 3. STb (heat stable) 4. EAST1 (heat stable)
27
What are the Neonatal virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?
F4, F5, F6, F41 STa, STb Non-hemolytic
28
What are the Neonatal till 4 weeks virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?
F4 LT, STa, STb, EAST1 Hemolytic
29
What are the weaning diarrhea virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?
F4, F18 LT, STa, STb, EAST1 Hemolytic
30
T/F: In regards to the epidemiology of ETEC in pigs, there is an equilibrium between maternal immunity and infection pressure
True
31
What distortion in equilibrium causes piglet diarrhea from ETEC?
Too high bacterial challenge and/or too low immunity (mainly maternal)
32
What are 4 pathogenesis factors of ETEC in pigs?
Ascending from lower bowel Oral uptake Small Intestine Colonization
33
What are the symptoms seen with ETEC in pigs?
Remain drinking Very smelly feces Dehydration White grey, not as watery diarrhea in older animals
34
How would ETEC in pigs be diagnosed?
Agglutination tests | PCR
35
What would be the treatment for ETEC in pigs?
Hydration | Antimicrobials
36
What would be the preventative measures form ETEC in pigs?
Hygiene Vaccinate sows Vaccinate piglets (for F4) Selection for reception free piglets (F4)
37
What does VTEC in pigs cause?
Oedema disease post weaning
38
What does a mixed ETEC and VTEC disease in pigs cause?
Oedema disease and diarrhea
39
What are the 3 virulence factors of VTEC in pigs?
Adhesion (small bowel F18) Exotoxin (VT2e or Stx2e: media necrosis) Endotoxin (acute mortality)
40
How is VTEC passed in pigs?
Sow to piglet
41
What are some reasons VTEC shows up at weaning in piglets?
Stress Change in intestinal flora Maternal immunity
42
What does hyper-acute toxin production of VTEC cause in pigs?
Enterorrhagia
43
What does acute toxin production of VTEC in pigs cause?
Permeability blood vessels odema
44
What does a slower toxin production of VTEC in pigs cause?
Intravascular coagulation
45
What does endotoxin release of VTEC in pigs cause?
Shock and acute mortality
46
When do symptoms start being seen in pigs with VTEC?
3 weeks after weaning
47
What are the clinical signs of VTEC in pigs?
Acute mortality Diarrhea Anorexia Oedema
48
What is seen with oedema?
Hoarse voice CNS signs Dyspnoea Eye lids swollen
49
What would you do to diagnose VTEC in pigs?
CS Pathological findings Bacteriology PCR (demonstration of virulence factors)
50
How would you treat affected pigs with VTEC?
Fasting to eliminate toxin | Antimicrobial therapy
51
How would you treat pigs not yet affected with VTEC?
Antimicrobial therapy
52
T/F: Antimicrobial therapy will kill the bacteria and effective toxin
False; will not kill effective toxin therefore will still see symptoms after treatment
53
What are some preventative measures against VTEC in pigs?
Reduce stress Organic acids Zinc oxide Selection form receptor F18 negative animals
54
T/F: EPEC in pigs is a common disease
False, more rare and little known about its general role
55
What age does EPEC in pigs effect?
Weaning piglets
56
What are the CS of EPEC in pigs?
Diarrhea
57
How would a diagnosis be accomplished for EPEC in pigs?
Isolation and PCR of eae gene
58
What are the 3 pathogenic intestinal E. coli in piglets?
ETEC VTEC EPEC
59
What are the virulence factors of EPEC in pigs?
Attaching and effacing Eae gene T3SS (needle) and injection of effector proteins
60
What is the most important pathogen of UTI in pigs?
UTI (DD actinobaculum suis)
61
What are the predisposing factors for UTI in pigs?
``` Hygiene Water intake Obstipation (severe constipation) Age Individual differences ```
62
What are the CS of UTI in pigs?
Anorexia Hematuria Vaginal exudate General malaise
63
How would a diagnosis be made for UTI in pigs?
Bacteriolgy
64
What is the treatment and prevention plan with UTI in pigs?
Culling (fertility problems) | Antibiotics about 3 weeks
65
What is MMA or PPDS in pigs?
Metritis-mastitis-agalactiae Post partum dysgalactiae syndrome
66
When does MMA affect pigs?
About 48 hours after farrowing (parturition)
67
What is the etiology of MMA in pigs?
Hereditary Hormonal Feed Infectious agents (E. coli mainly, might find others)
68
What kind of infection does septicaemiae cause in pigs?
Secondary infection to enteric infection | Primarily rare
69
What are the E. coli disease in bovine?
ETEC EPEC and EHEC Septicaemic (NTEC)
70
What are the symptoms of ETEC in bovine?
Watery diarrhea leads to dehydration
71
What age group does ETEC affect in bovine?
Animals less than 3 days old, Neonate
72
What are the virulence factors of ETEC in bovine?
Fimbriae | Toxins
73
What are the Fimbriae virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?
F5 (most common) F41 (frequently together with F5) F17 CS31A (related to F4/diarrhea in older animals)
74
What are the toxins for ETEC in bovine?
Sta and Stb (heat stable toxins)
75
What is the pathogenesis of ETEC in pigs?
Oral uptake Multiplication Enterotoxin production Secondary septicaemiae
76
T/F: There is an equilibrium between immunity and infection pressure of ETEC in bovine
True
77
How does colostrum and infection play a role in ETEC of bovine?
If colostrum is given too late, or there is too little or too low (in antibodies) If infection occurs too early or it is it too high of infection pressure
78
How is ETEC in bovine diagnosed?
ELISA | Culture and virulence factors (agglutination and PCR)
79
What is the therapy plan for ETEC in bovine for sick animals?
Separate ill animals Hydration Antibiotics NSAID (shock)
80
What is the treatment plan for milking farms affected by ETEC for bovine?
Hygiene (separate calves from mothers) Colostrum Antibiotics 4-5 days orally Vaccination of dams
81
T/F: EHEC in bovine is zoonotic
True
82
What age group does EHEC and EPEC of bovine affect?
1-8 weeks
83
What are the CS of EHEC and EPEC in bovine?
Mucoid diarrhea +/- blood | Mainly in large intestine
84
What is there therapy plan for Tx of EHEC and EPEC in bovine?
Ab's
85
What are the virulence factors for EHEC and EPEC in bovine?
EPEC = eae EHEC = eae + VT (VT1 and VT2)
86
What are the CS of mastitis in bovine?
Udder swelling, redness, and pain
87
What is the prevention and Tx plan for mastitis in bovine?
Hygiene | Systemic antibiotics
88
T/F: Mastitis of bovine has known virulence factors
False, no know virulence factors
89
What kind of pathogen is septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
Facultative pathogen
90
What are the virulence factors of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
Serum resistance Iron uptake systems Endotoxin, capsule Adhesion factors
91
What are the adhesion factors of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
``` P F17 CS31A AfaE-VIII CNF1, CNF2 toxins ```
92
What are the two ways of uptake for septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
Per os | Umbilical cord
93
What is the PO route of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
PO -> Lymph tissue -> septicaemiae colostrum
94
What is the umbilical chord route of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
Umbilical chord -> septicaemiae colostrum
95
What are the hyperacute signs of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
Acute mortality | Shock
96
What are the acute CS of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
General symptoms | Fast Mortality
97
What are the CS of a slower septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
``` Association with organ localization Poly-arthritis Pneumonia Pleuritis Me I go-encephalitis ```
98
How would septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine be diagnosed?
Clinical signs | Isolation + PCR
99
What is the therapy plan for septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?
NSAID (shock) AB's Gamma globulins
100
How would septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine be prevented?
Colostrum
101
Which strains are associated with enteric disease in cats and dogs?
ETEC EPEC VTEC EIEC
102
What is the virulence factors of enteric disease in dogs and cats?
CNF1 E. coli in pups
103
What are the CS of enteric disease in dogs and cats?
Can be diarrhetic or clinically healthy
104
How would enteric disease in dogs and cats be diagnosed?
Isolation of feces
105
T/F: cystitis and pyometra affect dogs and cats equally
False, seldom in cats due to high osmolarity of using being antibacterial) and frequently in dogs
106
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of bladder
107
What is pyometra?
Uterine infection
108
What are the fimbria virulence factors of cystitis and pyometra in dogs?
``` Type one F12 F13 Specific (O2, O4, O6, O83) 50% α-hemolytic ```
109
What is the most important E. coli disease in broilers and layers?
APEC
110
What kind of pathogen is APEC in poultry and other birds?
Facultative pathogen
111
What are the most frequent serotypes of APEC in poultry and other birds?
O1, O2, O78
112
What are the clinical signs of APEC in poultry and other birds?
Neonatal colibacillosis Respiratory colibacillosis and septicaemiae Peritonitis (layers) Scabbyy hip/necrotic dermatitis (broilers) Coli granuloma Otitis media Chronic respiratory colibacillosis + arthritis
113
What are three routes of the pathogenesis of neonatal colibacillosis?
Contamination of egg Neonatal contamination Manipulation of chicks
114
What will neonatal colibacillosis lead to?
Yolk rest infection (omphalitis)
115
What is the pathogenesis of peritonitis in layers?
Endogenic infection Start of lay Chronic form in older animals
116
What is the pathogenesis of respiratory colibacillosis?
Excretion via feces -> increase in infection pressure (E. coli in dust) -> infection OR Damage to resp. epithelium via dust, viral infection, vaccination, or NH3 -> infection
117
How would APEC in poultry and other birds be Dx?
Pathological lesions | Isolation of E. coli from different internal organs (liver, spleen, lung)
118
How would APEC in poultry and other birds be Tx?
Very difficult | Ab's: susceptible tests needed
119
What are the preventative measures for APEC in poultry and other birds?
Hygiene Stress management Temperature monitoring Vaccine
120
What serotypes cause scabby hip/necrotic dermatitis in broilers?
E. coli O78 and O2
121
How wold scabby hip be Dx?
Very difficult to Dx, use feathers
122
When is scabby hip usually seen in broilers?
Found at slaughter
123
How can scabby hip be prevented in broilers?
Lower density of animals
124
What is the E. coli disease in rabbits?
RPEC/EPEC
125
What is the virulence factor of RPEC/EPEC in rabbits?
Eae
126
How would RPEC/EPEC in rabbits be Dx?
Clinical symptoms | Isolation of subtypes (needed); need to ID specific serotypes/biotypes
127
How would RPEC be treated in rabbits?
Ab's
128
T/F: Salmonella enterica is the only strand to affect warm blooded animals
True
129
What are the different serotypes of Salmonella enterica?
O1, O2, Vi, Ha, Hb, H1, H2
130
What is the general virulence of Salmonella?
Host specific serotypes Host adapted/restricted serotypes Non host specific serotypes
131
Salmonella are resistant in the environment, especially when it what two environments?
When protected by organic material (feces) or in a dry environment (dust, feed)
132
What are the zoonotic aspects of Salmonella?
Zoonotic = Non host specific and some host adapted/restricted Not Zoonotic = Host specific and some host adapted/restricted
133
What is the pathogenesis of Salmonella?
Facultative intracellular
134
What determines the pathogenesis of Salmonella?
Whether it is host adapted (typhoid) + host restricted or non host adapted
135
What are the two pathways for uptake of Salmonella?
Systemic phase: SPI2 | Intestinal phase: SPI1
136
What are the two important Salmonella bovine serotypes?
S. typhimurium and S. dublin
137
What are the clinical signs of S. typhimurium?
Diarrhea + General symptoms | Tissue localization
138
What are the clinical signs of S. dublin in calf?
Diarrhea + general symptoms | Tissue localization
139
What are the clinical signs of S. dublin in adult cattle?
Diarrhea + general symtoms Organ dependent symptoms (abortion, mastitis) Carriers (host specific, host adapted, non host specific)
140
How would salmonella be Dx in live bovine?
``` Fecal material Milk Respiratory: BAL Arthritis: puncture Abortion: fetus, placenta, vagina ```
141
How would salmonella be Dx in dead bovine?
Ileum | different organs
142
What would be the Tx plan for salmonella in bovine?
Isolate sick animals Fluid therapy Antimicrobials NSAID
143
What are the two important salmonella serotypes in pigs?
S. typhimurium (zoonotic and non typhoid) | S. choleraesuis (typhoid)
144
What are the clinical symptoms of non typhoid salmonella in pigs?
CS in animals >50kg Diarrhea + general symptoms Slow spread
145
What are the hyperacute CS of non typhoid salmonella in pigs?
Usually in >70-80 kg | Acute mortality
146
What are the acute CS in non typhoid salmonella in pigs?
Cyanosis
147
What are the chronic CS signs of non typhoid salmonella in pigs?
Non specific, lesser growth
148
What are the CS of S. choleraesuis in pigs?
Typhoid | fever, rash, pain
149
How would salmonella be Dx in pigs?
Bacteriological culture ELISA (Ag) ELISA (Ab) but difficult
150
What would be he Tx plan pigs with salmonella?
Antimicrobials | Eventually general support such as NSIADs
151
What is the prevention plan for pigs with salmonella?
Management: AI-AO, clearing and disinfection Organic acids Feed composition Vaccination
152
What is the salmonella serotype found in equine?
S. abortus equi (rare and host specific)
153
What does the pathogenesis of S. abortus equi depend on?
Uptake
154
What are the two uptake routs of S. abortus equi?
Per os and Venereal
155
What is the Tx plan for horses with S. abortus equi?
Antimicrobials | Elimination from repro organs is difficult bc bacteria are intracellular
156
What is the pathogenesis of S. abortus equi via per os?
Per os -> septicemia -> endotoxic effects or invasive (follow other route)
157
What is the pathogenesis of S. abortus equi via venereal?
Invasive -> polyarthritis -> or stallion (male repro systems) -> or mare -> mare will have persistent infection (several abortions, septicemic foal) -> or have pregnant uterus that will abort or be alive with symptoms (acute mortality 2-3 days old or polyarthritis 14 days old)
158
What are the CS for the mild form of salmonellosis in equine?
General symptoms Slight diarrhea Dx difficult Self-limiting
159
What are the CS for the acute form of salmonella in horses?
``` Most frequent Fever, anorexia, mild colic 24 hour diarrhea severe symptoms + cyanosis Shock possible Laminitis (hoof) Slow recovery + relapse possible Can evolve to chronic ```
160
Where are the CS for the hyper acute form of salmonella in horses?
``` In foal Several general symptoms Eventually diarrhea Endotoxic shock 924-72 hour) -> death Tissue localization ```
161
How would salmonella be Dx in horses?
Neutropenia | Culture
162
What would be a therapy plan for horses with salmonella?
Hydration : IV Shock : NSAIDs Antimicrobials Carriers
163
How would salmonella in horses be prevented?
Hygiene
164
T/F: Salmonella is non host specific in cats and dogs
True
165
What are the CS of salmonella in cats and dogs?
Enteritis and septicaemicae
166
Who are the carriers for salmonella in cats and dogs?
Dogs: 0-36% Cats: 0-20%
167
What is the origin of salmonella in dogs and cats?
Mainly feed
168
How would salmonella be Dx in cats and dogs?
Culture ELISA PCR
169
How would salmonella be Tx in cats and dogs?
Hydration | Antibiotics (contraindicated in animals with a good general condition)
170
What is the salmonella serotype for pigeons?
S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen (paratyphus)
171
What are the CS of S. typhimurium var. copenhagen in pigeons?
Anorexia, weight, diarrhea, limping, unable to fly, breeding difficulties, apathic, PUPD, mortality
172
T/F: S. typhimurium in pigeons has a specific clonal lineage
True
173
T/F: S. typhimurium in pigeons is zoonotic
False, not zoonotic
174
What are two types of S. typhimurium in pigeons?
Paratyphus (PT) 2 and 99
175
When is acute paratyphus seen in pigeons?
Mainly during breeding
176
What are some CS of acute paratyphus in pigeons?
One wing hanging down | Intermittent excretion
177
How would paratyphus in pigeons be Dx?
Bacterial culture | Rapid slide agglutination for Ab's
178
How would paratyphus in pigeons be Tx?
Antimicrobials (strains very susceptible) Immune therapy: inactivated vaccine reduces severity and does NOT prevent) hygiene
179
What is the salmonella serotype found in Psittaciformes (parrot) and Passerformes (perching bird)?
S. Typhimurium Rare in Psittaciformes
180
How do Passerformes get S. typhimurium?
``` In birdhouse when: Stressed Overcrowded Cold and humid Inappropriate feeding ```
181
What are the CS of S. typhimurium in Passerformes?
Apathic, feed and water intake decreased Chronic Diarrhea (most of the time)
182
What are the poultry serotypes of typhoid Salmonella?
2 Typhoid salmonella S. pullorum (reportable) S. gallinarum (reportable)
183
What are the poultry serotypes of non-typhoid salmonella
Non-typhoid (paratyphoid) | S. enteriditis (zoonotic)
184
What are the salmonella serotypes in turkeys?
S. enterica ssp. arizonae
185
T/F: S. pullorum and S. gallinarum are antigenically similar
True (1, 9, 12)
186
What salmonella serotype are S. pullorum and S. gallinarum antigenically similar to?
S. enteriditis
187
T/F: S. pullorum and S. gallinarum are not reportable
False, they are reportable
188
What disease does S. pullorum cause in poultry?
Pullorum disease
189
What age range does S. pullorum usually affect in poultry?
Younger animals (<3 weeks)
190
T/F: S. pullorum has a low mortality in poultry?
False, high mortality
191
What are the CS of S. pullorum in poultry?
Acute sepsis General symptoms Typical granulomatous lesions in stomach, liver and myocardium Adults usually have oophoritis with deformed yellow-greenish follicles
192
S. pullorum can be transmitted horizontally and vertically, what is the mortality peak for verticals transmission?
2-3 weeks
193
How could S. pullorum be diagnosed in poultry?
Bacterial culture | Serology: slide agglutination
194
How would S. pullorum be Tx in poultry?
Tx for hobby poultry via antibiotics (no elimination)
195
What is another name for S. gallinarum?
Fowl typhoid
196
What age group does S. gallinarum usually affect?
Older animals
197
What are the clinical signs of fowl typhoid?
Hyperacute mortality + hemolytic anemia (endotoxins) | Acute and subacute; increasing mortality up to 30% general symptoms
198
What is the typhoid salmonella that affects turkeys?
S. enterica ssp. arizonae
199
What age group does S. enteric ssp. arizonae usually affect?
Younger animals
200
What are the CS of S. enterica ssp. arizona?
General symptoms with mortality up to 50%
201
Where is S. enterica ssp. arizonae primarily located?
Mainly USA
202
How would S. enterica ssp. arizonae be Dx and Tx?
Culture and eradication
203
What is the difficulty with controlling S. enterica ssp. arizona?
There are different serotypes and can get false negatives
204
What is the paratyphoid salmonella in poultry?
S. enteriditis
205
T/F: S. enteriditis in poultry is zoonotic
True, egg contamination
206
T/F: S. enteriditis is the most frequent serotype causing zoonotic infection
False, used to be. Decreased due to vaccination (imposed in Europe)
207
T/F: Many other paratyphoid salmonella are not zoonotic?
False, many are zoonotic
208
T/F: There is vertical and horizontal transmission in other paratyphoid Salmonella
False, there is no vertical transmission
209
When do CS show up in other paratyphoid Salmonella?
``` In young infected with high dose Aflatoxins in feed T0 too low for young animals Other enteric infections Stress (transport) ```
210
What are two Klebsiella serotypes?
Klebsiella pneumoniae | Klebsiella oxytoca
211
Where can Klebsiella be found?
Water, soil, environment, GI tract
212
What is the clinical importance of Klebsiella?
Important in nosocomial infections
213
What kind of pathogen is Klebsiella?
Opportunistic pathogen
214
What kind of infection does Klebsiella cause in equine?
Equine metritis: inflammation of uterine wall STD transmission
215
What are some CS of Klebsiella in equine?
Vaginits, infertility, abortion
216
How is Klebsiella transmitted in equine?
Stallion, fomite, vaginal specula & biopsy equipment
217
When there isn't enough colostrum, what kind of infections does Klebsiella cause in horses?
Umbilical infections
218
T/F: Klebsiella infections are a common finding in dogs
False, rare finding
219
What CS are seen in dogs with Klebsiella infections?
Pyometra | Cystitis
220
What CS does Klebsiella cause in bovine?
Mastitis
221
What is the Tx plan for Klebsiella infections?
Natural resistance to amoxycillin/ampicillin Susceptible to amoxycillin + clavamox High level acquired resistance Difficult to Tx
222
What are the 3 zoonotic types of Yersinia?
Y. pestis Y. pseudotuberculosis Y. enterocolitica
223
What is the Yersinia serotype in fish?
Y. ruckeri
224
At what temp does Yersinia replicate?
4 degrees C
225
What does Yersinia pestis cause in humans?
Bubonic plague: local lymphadenitis Pneumonic plague: pneumonia Septicaemic plague: septicaemiae
226
What was the black death caused by?
Yersinia pestis
227
Who was one of the first epidemiologists?
John Grant
228
T/F: Yersinia pestis can be weaponized because of its high pathogenicity
True
229
What are the virulence factors of Yersinia pests?
Capsule Toxins Iron acquisition
230
Where are the virulence pathogens frequently located for Yersinia pestis?
On plasmids
231
What is the reservoir for Yersinia pestis?
Tolerant rodents
232
What are the routes of transmission for Yersinia pests?
Fleas Airborne Oral
233
How do cats get infected with Yersinia pestis?
After ingestion of infected prey
234
What are the CS of Yersinia pestis in cats?
``` Fever Depression Sneezing Coughing CNS disturbances Lymphadenitis Tonsilitis Cranial and cervical edema Pneumonia Mortality ```
235
What kind of pathogen is Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?
Obligate symbiotic, facultative intracellular
236
What is the pathogenic significance for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?
Rodents Birds Zoonotic
237
What are the virulence factors Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?
Cell wall Adhesins Toxins Iron Uptake
238
What is the pathogenesis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in birds and rodents?
Oral uptake Lymphoid tissue intestine Mesenterial lymph nodes Sepsis and multiplication in blood
239
What is the major pathogen in Passeriformes?
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
240
What are the CS of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?
``` Fat liver disease Rodentiosis Apathy Water and feed intake Event ```
241
T/F: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is found mainly in animals housed in outdoor birdhouses
True
242
How is Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes transmitted?
Wild birds and rodents
243
What are the chronic symptoms of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?
Weight loss and respiratory distress
244
What are the acute lesions of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?
Splenomegaly with foci of necrosis | Enlarged liver
245
What are the subacute/chronic lesions of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?
Same as acute + necrosis on cecum and lung
246
What is the zoonotic subspecies of Yersinia in domestic animals?
Yersinia enterocolitica
247
What are the zoonotic CS of Yersinia enterocolitica?
Colic and Diarrhea
248
What are the CS in domestic animals with Yersinia enterocolitica?
Ileitis | Gastro-enteris
249
What serotype of Yersinia enterocolitica cross reacts with brucellosis?
Serotype O9
250
What are two types Proteus?
P. mirabilis | P. vulgaris
251
What are the CS of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris?
Otitis and cystitis dog
252
What is seen with Proteus in a bacteriological Dx by culture?
Swarming bacterium
253
What are the primary pathogens in Otitis of dog?
Staphylococcus pseudointermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis
254
After Tx of Otitis in dogs, if there is still damage, what could be present?
Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Peudomonas aeruginosa
255
What are some predisposing factors to Otitis in dogs?
Frequent swimming Breeds with long hanging ears Breeds with hair in external ear channel
256
How would otitis be Tx in dogs?
Local oil based Ab/antimycotic mix Elimination of cause Anatomical predisposition

Bact Exam 2 (4 decks)

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