Environmental And Nutritional Disease Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
Indoor,, outdoor and occupation setting in which human beings live and work
A
Environmental
2
Q
Conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in th ambient, workplace and personal environment
A
Environmental disease
3
Q
Studies the distribution effects and MOA of toxic agents
A
Toxicology
4
Q
Exogenous chemicals in the environment that may be absorbed into the body
A
Xenobiotics
5
Q
Responsible for the catalyzation of xenobiotics that either detoxify or convert xenobiotics into active compound
A
P-450 enzyme
6
Q
Phase 1 reaction os xenobiotics
A
Hydrolysis
Reduction
Oxidation
7
Q
Phase 2 reactions of xenobiotics
A
Glucorinidation
Sulfation
Methylation
Conjugation
8
Q
Significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
A
Air pollution
9
Q
Sulfur dioxide, CO, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, lead and particulate matter
A
Smog
10
Q
Produced by the interaction of UV rad and oxygen in the stratosphere
A
Ozone
11
Q
What destroys ozone layer
A
Chlorofluorocarbon
12
Q
Protects life by absorbing UV rad emitted by the sun
A
Ozone
13
Q
Formed by reaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds
A
Ozone
14
Q
Produces free radicals which injures epithelial cells of the respiratory tract
A
Ozone
15
Q
Emitted by burning coal, oil-fired and diesel exhaust
A
Particulate matter - soot
16
Q
Systemic asphyxiant that is an important cause of accidental and suicidal death
A
Carbon monoxide
17
Q
Produced during any process that results in the incomplete oxidation of hydrocarbons
A
Carbon monoxide
18
Q
Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in individuals usually occurs in workplaces such as?
A
Tunnels
Underground garages
Highway toll booths
19
Q
Signs of carbon monoxide poisining
A
Fatigue
Dizziness
Tightness in chest
Headache
Nausea
20
Q
Ischemic changes in ___ and ___ are seen in patients who are chronically exposed to CO
A
Basal ganglia and lenticular nuclei
21
Q
Most common indoor air pollution
A
Tobacco smoke
22
Q
No.1 cause of lung cancer in non-smokers
A
Radon
23
Q
Indoor air pollution
Formaldehyde —- ???
A
Carcinogen
24
Q
Metals as environmental pollutants
A
Heavy metals, lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic
25
Binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism
Lead Pb
26
Absorbed lead is taken into developing teeth and bone where it competes with ___ and binds ___
Calcium
Phosphates
27
Is lead susceptible to brain damage?
Yes, due to more permeable BBB
28
Results in microcytosis and anemia
Lead
29
interferes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase
Lead
30
Binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins with high affinity - leads to damage in the CNS and kidneys
Mercury
31
Main source of exposure to mercury
Contaminated fish
Mercury vapors
Dental amalgams
32
Three forms of mercury
Elemental mercury
Inorganic mercury
Organic mercury
33
inorganic mercury is converted to ___ by bacteria
Methyl mercury
34
Mercury toxicity:
____ - cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, intellectual disability, major CNS defects in children exposed in utero
Minamata disease
35
Interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Arsenic
36
Most toxic form of arsenic
Trivaleny compounds arsenic trioxide
Sodium arsenite
Arsenic trichloride
37
Neurologic effects of arsenic
Sensorimotor neuropathies
38
Cardiovascular effects of arsenic
Prolonged Q-c interval with ventricular arrhythmias
39
Skin changes in arsenic
Hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis
40
Risk in malignancies in arsenic
Lung, bladder and skin
41
Preferentially toxic to the kidneys and lungs
Cadmium
42
The most important source of cadmium exposure in the general population
Food
43
Cadmium is acquired from?
Mining, electroplating and production of batteries
44
Cadmium causes _____ by necrosis of alveolar epitherlial cells
Obstructive lung disease
45
Osteoporosis and osteomalacia associated with renal disease - “___” in cadmium
Itai-itai
46
Agent
Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride
Disease?
CNS effects, liver and kidney toxicity
47
Agent
Benzene and 1,3 butadiene
Disease?
Leukemias
48
Agent
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Disease
Lung and bladder cancer
49
Agent
Organochlorines
Disease
Neurologic toxicity, endocrine disruptor
50
Agent:
Dioxin and PCB
Disease??
Folliculitis and acneiform dermatosis
51
Agent: vinyl chloride
Disease??
Hepatic angiosarcoma
52
Agent: bisphenol A
Disease??
Endocrine disruptor
53
Agent: mineral dusts
Disease??
Pneumoconioses
54
What is the most readily preventable cause of death in humans
Smoking
55
Chewing tobacco is associated with __ disease
Oral cancer
56
Average number of cigarette packs smoked each day multiplied by the number of years of smoking
Pack-years
57
Stimulates release of catecholamines from sympathetic neurons
Nicotine
58
The effect of tobacco that has direct irritant effect on the _____ mucosa
Tracheobronchial mucosa
59
Tobacco is strongly linked to development of ??
Atherosclerosis, MI and stroke
60
Chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by an impaired ability to stop of control alcohol use despite adverse, social, occupational, or health consequences
Alcohol use disorder (AUD)
61
Why breath test can determine alcohol consumption
Because amount exhaled is proportional to the blood level
62
___ is absorbed unaltered in the GI tract and then distributes throughout the body in direct proportion to the blood level
Ethanol
63
When taking alcohol, drowsiness occurs at ___ mg/dl
200 mg/dl
64
Individuals with low levels of _____ metabolize alcohol slowly
Acetaldehyde (ALDH)
65
Acute effects of alcohol
Hepatic steatosis
Acute gastritis and ulceration
CNS depression
66
Alcohol oxidation by ADH causes reduction of ___ to ____ Decrease ___ results in decrease FA oxidation in the ___ which results in _____ in the liver
NAD to NADH
NAD
Liver
Accumulation of fat
67
Metabolism of ethanol in the liver by CYP2E1 produces ___ ?
ROS
68
alcohol promotes release of ___ from intestinal flora
Endotoxin
69
Chronic effects of alcohol
Alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis
Gastric bleeding and ulcer
Thiamine deficiency
Dilated congestive cardiomyopathy
Hypertension
Acute and chronic pancreatitis
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Oral cavity malignancies
Malnutrition
70
Vitamin K antagonist
Warfarin
71
Direct inhibitor of thrombin
Dabigatran
72
Used to counteract menopausal symptoms
Menopausal hormone therapy
73
Composed of either synthetic estradiol + variable amount of progestin or progestin only
Oral contraceptives
74
Acts by inhibiting ovulation or preventing implantation
Oral contraceptives
75
Have a protective effects against endometrial and ovarian cancers
Oral contraceptives
76
A contraceptIncrease risk of hepatic adenoma
Oral contraceptive
77
When taken in large dose, NAPQI accumulates which leads to hepatocellular injury
Acetaminophen
78
Covalently binds to hepatic proteins and deletes GSH
Acetaminophen
79
Extracted from the leaves of coca plant
Cocaine
80
Produces intense euphoria and neurologic stimulation
Addictive
81
Cocaine at the nerve endings blocks the reuptake of?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
82
Cocaine in neurotransmission in the CNS blocks reuptake of?
Dopamine
83
Derived from poppy plant
Heroin
84
Acts by releasing dopamine in the brain which inhibits presynaptic neurotransmission at corticostriatal synapses, slowing glutamate release
Methamphetamine
85
Derived from leaves of cannabis sativa
Marijuana
86
Psychoactive substance o marijuana is called?
Tetrahydrocannabinol
87
Potential use to treat nausea secondary to cancer chemotheraphy
Marijuana
88
Mechanical trauma
Abrasion
Contusion
Laceration
Incision
Puncture wound
89
4 injuries by physical agents
Mechanical trauma
Thermal injury
Electrical injury
Radiation injury
90
Damage by direct injury to tissue and by inhalation injury
Thermal burns
91
Thermal burns that is confined to epidermis
Superficial burns
92
thermal burn that dermis is involved
Partial thickness burns
93
thermal burn that extends to the subcutaneous tissue
Fulll-thcknes burns
94
Heat cramps
Hyperthermia
95
Results from loss of electrolytes via sweating
Hyperthermia - heatcramps
96
Hallmark of heat cramps
Cramping of muscles during exercise
97
Most common hyperthermic syndrome
Hyperthermia - heat exhaustion
98
Results from failure of the CVD system to compensate from hypovolemia caused by dehydration
Hyperthermia - heat exhaustion
99
Associated with high ambient temperature, high humidity and exertion
Hyperthermia - heat stroke
100
Failure of thermoregulatory mechanism which results in increased body temperature
Hyperthermia - heat stroke
101
Receptors that regulates calcium release from sarcoplasm in heat stroke
RYR1
102
Results in mutations in genes that encode RYR1
Hyperthermia - malignant hyperthermia
103
Results from prolonged exposure to low ambient temperature
Hypothermia
104
Direct injury is due to cell injury caused by crystallization of intracellular and extracellular water
Hypothermia
105
Results in burns, and disruption of nerve impulse conduction
Electrial injury
106
High voltage are more likely to produce paralysis in medullary centers
Electrical injury
107
Energy that travels in the form of waves or high-speed particles
Radiation
108
____ radiation has sufficient energy to remove tightly bound electrons
Ionizing radiation
109
____ radiation can move atoms in a molecule but is not sufficient to displace electrons from atoms
Nonionizing radiation
110
Radiation unit:
Expression of amount of radiation emitted by a source
Curie (Ci)
111
radiation unit:
Unit that expresses the energy absorbed by the target tissue per mass unit
Gray (Gy)
112
Radiation unit:
Unit of equivalent dose that depends on the biologic rather the physical effects of radiation
Sievert (Sv)
113
Main determinants of biologic effect of ionizing radiation
Rate of delivery
Field size
Cell proliferation
Oxygen effects and hypoxia
Vascular damage
114
normal cells repair radiation damage more quickly than neoplasic cells, fractionated doses only damages neoplastic cells in the long term
Rate of delivery
115
Body can sustain higher radiation dosage when given to a smaller area: smaller doses in larger area may be lethal
Field size
116
Rapidly dividing cells are more vulnerable to injury than quiescent cells
Cell proliferation
117
ionizing radiation results in radiolysis of water which produces ROS; hypoxic tissues are more resistant to radiation
Oxygen effects and hypoxia
118
Endothelial damage by radiation may result in narrowing of blood vessels
Vascular damage
119
Injury produced by ionizing radiation
DNA damage
Cellular changes
Fibrosis of vessels
120
A common side effect of radiation
Fibrosis
121
replacement of dead cells by connective tissue
Fibrosis
122
leads to scar formation and adhesion
Fibrosis
123
Double stranded breaks and repaired either via ___ or ____ end joining
Homologous recombination
Non-homologous
124
DNA repair via ___ often results in mutation - carcinogenesis
NHEJ
125
One of the components are missing in the diet
Primary malnutrition
126
Results from malabsorption, impaired utilization, excess loss or increase need for nutrients
Secondary malnutrition
127
Previously called protein energy malnutrition
Severe acute malnutrition
128
Severe acute malnutrition can affects the 2 compartments
Somatic and visceral compartment
129
Develops when the diet is severely lacking in calories
Marasmus
130
When does a child is considered to have a marasmus?
When weight falls o 60% of normal
131
Extremities are emaciated due to loss of muscle and subcutaneous fat
Marasmus
132
Occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories
Kwashiorkor
133
Most common form of SAM seen in african children who are exclusively fed on a carbohydrate diet
Kwashiorkor
134
Weight of children are typically 60 - 80% of normal
Kwashiorkor
135
Often develops in chronically ill, older and bedridden patients
Malnutrition
136
Self-induced starvation resulting in marked weight loss
Anorexia nervosa
137
condition in which the patient binges on food and then induces vomiting
Bulimia
138
Endocrine effects and symptoms of anorexia
Amenorrhea and hypothyroidism
139
Maintenance of normal vision, regulation of cell growth and differentiation and regulation of lipid metabolism
Vitamin A
140
Group of related compounds that include retinol, retinal and retinoic acid
Vitamin A
141
Conversion of retinol occurs in the ____ ?
Intestine
142
Maintenance of normal vision - light sensitive pigments
Vitamin A
143
Cell growth and differentiation - binds to retinoic acid receptors and RXR - maintenance of cell growth and differentiation
Vitamin A
144
Vitamin A deficiency
Bitot spots
Corneal ulcer
Keratomalacia
145
What are the fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A D E K
146
Maintenance of adequate plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D
147
supports metabolic functions, bone mineralization and neuromuscular transmission
Vitamin D
148
Major source in humans is the endogenous synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol
Vitamin D
149
Reaction requires UV light which results in synthesis of cholecalciferol
Vitamin D
150
Where does 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is being converted to?
In the liver
151
Most active form of vitamin D
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
152
Overgrowth of epiphyseal cartilge
Persistence of distorted, irregular masses of cartilage
Inadequate mineralization of osteoid matrix
Rickets
153
Inadequate mineralization of bone matrix
Weak bones which are prone to fractures
Osteomalacia
154
Not synthesized endogenously; supply is dependent on diet
Collagen synthesis - hydroxylation of procollagen
Antioxidant function, immune response
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
155
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
156
defined as accumulation of adipose tisue that s of sufficient magnitude to impair health
Obesity
157
Obesity, what circuit
= promotes food intake and reduced energy expenditure
Anabolic circuits
158
obesity, what circuits
=reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure
Catabolic circuits
159
The three afferent system
Leptin, adiponectin, gut hormone
160
Secreted by fat cells
Reduces food intake by stimulating POMC/CART and inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons
Abundance of leptin stimulates physical activity, heat production and energy expenditure
Afferent system - leptin
161
“Fat burning molecules” reduces fatty acid levels
Stimulates FA oxidation in skeletal muscle
Protects against metaboic syndrome in decreasing glucose production, increases insulin sensitivity
Has anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antiproliferative and cardioprotective effects
Afferent system - adiponectin
162
Increases food intake
Ghrelin
163
Short term meal initiators and terminators
Ghrelin
PYY and GLP-1
164
Decreases food intake
PYY and GLP-1
