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Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

Exchange of gases between air and blood

A

Lungs

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2
Q

Defecting development of both lungs that is caused by abnormalities that compress the lung or impede normal lung expansion in utero

A

Pulmonary hyperplasia

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3
Q

Arise from abnormal detachments of primitive foregut

Often located in the hilum or middle mediastinum

Bronchogenic, esophageal or enteric

A

Foregut cysts

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4
Q

Refers to a discrete area of lung tissue that

  1. Lacks any connection to the airway system
    Or
  2. Has abnormal blood supply arising from the aorta or its branches
A

Pulmonary sequestration

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5
Q

Refers either to incomplete expansion of the lung or the collapse of a previous inflated lung

Airless pulmonary parenchyma

A

Atelectasis

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6
Q

3 types of atelectasis

A

Resorption atelectasis
Compression atelectasis
Contraction atelectasis

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7
Q

Caused by complete obstruction of an airway

Mediastinum shifts TOWARDS the atelectatic lung

A

Resorption atelectasis

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8
Q

Results whenever significant volume of fluid accumulate in the pleural cavity

Mediastinum shifts AWAY from theaffected lung

A

Compression atelectasis

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9
Q

Occurs when there is pulmonary or pleural fibrosis

Prevents full lung expansion

A

Contraction atelectasis

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10
Q

Due to increased hydrostatic pressure (left sided congestive heart failure)

Engorged alveolar capillaries, alveolar septal edema, and focal idntraalveolar hemorrhage

A

Hemodynamic pulmonary edema

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11
Q

Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

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12
Q

What initiates acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Initiated by injury of pneumocytes and pulmonary endothelium

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13
Q

Histologic manifestation of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)

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14
Q

Difference of obstructive and restrictive lung disease

A

Obstructive - inc resistance to airflow due to AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

Restrictive - reduce expansion of lung , decreased total lung capacity

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15
Q

Anatomic site of

chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Emphysema
Bronchiolitis

A

Bronchus
Bronchus
Bronchus
Acinus
Bronchiole

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16
Q

% of heavy smokers develop COPD

A

35-50%

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17
Q

Overlap between asthama and COPD

A

Obstructive lung disease

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18
Q

Irreversible enlargement of the airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole

Destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis

A

Emphysema

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19
Q

4 types of emphysema

A

Centriacinar emphysema
Panacinar emphysema
Distal acinar emphysema
Irregular emphysema

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20
Q

Central and proximal parts of the acini are affected.

A

Centriacinar emphysema

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21
Q

In what part of the alveoli is it spared in centriacinar?

A

Distal alveoli

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22
Q

an emphysema that is More common and usually more severe in the upper lobe

Occurs predominantly in heave smokers

A

Centriacinar emphysema

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23
Q

Acini are uniformly enlarged from the level of the respiratory bronchiole to the terminal blind alveoli

A

Panacinar emphysema

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24
Q

An emphysema that occurs commonly in the lower zones and in the anterior margins of the lung

It is associated with a1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

Panacinar emphysema

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25
Proximal portion of the acinus is normal, adn the distal part is predominantly involved Underlies many cases of spontaneous pneumothorax in young adults
Distal acinar emphysema
26
Airspace is irregularly involved Associated with scarring
Irregular emphysema
27
Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years, in the absence of any other identifiable cause May accelerate decline in lung function
Chronic bronchitis
28
Chronic disorder of the conducting airways caused by an immunological reaction
Asthma
29
Most common tpe of asthma
Atopic asthma
30
What antibody is mediated in atopic asthma
IgE mediated hypersensitivity
31
Does not have evidence of allergen sensitization
Non-atopic asthma
32
anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin triggers asthma by inhibiting COX pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism leading to decreased PGE2
Drug-induced asthma
33
It is triggered by fumes, organic dusts, gases and chemicals
Occupational asthma
34
Airway remodelling of asthma
Thickeningof airway wall Sub basement membrane fibrosis Increased vascularity Increase in size and submucosal glands and number of airway goblet cells Hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the broncihial wall muscle
35
Disorder in which destruction of SM and elastic tissue leads to permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchiectasis
36
A group of disorder characterized predominantly by inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitial
Chronic diffuse interstitial disease
37
Amount of dust retained in lung and airways
Pneumoconioses
38
Lung disease caused by inhalation of coal particles and other admixed forms of dust
Coal workers pneumoconiosis
39
Histological features of coal workers penumoconiosis
Coal macules Carbon laden macrophages Blackened scars 1cm or larger Dense collagen and pigment
40
Caused by inhalation of pro-inflammatory crystalline silicone dioxide (silica)
Silicosis
41
Most preveant chronic occupation disease in the world
Silicosis
42
What inflammatory cells activates in silicosis
IL-1 and IL18
43
Gross morphology of silicosis
Hard, collagenous scars Eggshell calcification
44
Family of pro inflammatory crystalline hydrated silicates
Asbestos-related disease
45
Two types of asbestos related disease
Serpentine and amphibole
46
Asbestos related disease that 90% of the asbestos is used in industry . It impacts in the upper respiratory
Serpentine
47
Asbestos related disease that is more pathogenic than chrysotiles. It is delivered deeper into the lungs where they can penetrate the epithelial cells
Amphibole
48
Most common presentation of asbestosis
Pleural plaques
49
Most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary embolism
50
pulmonary embolism Occurs predominantly in what sex and where is its origin
Males , DVT >95%
51
What do you call the large embolus in main pulmonary artery
Saddle embolus
52
An embolism that may occur if with interatrial or interventricular defect
Paradoxical embolism
53
About ___ of infarcts affect the ___
75% Lower lobe
54
Pulmonary embolus can be distinguished from a postmortem clot by the presence of ____ in the thrombus
Lines of zahn
55
In what type of clot can you see lines of zahn
Antemortem clot
56
are associated with medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary muscular and elastic arteries and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Pulmonary hypertension
57
What organ can cause injury in goodpasture snydrome
Kidney and lungs due to circulating autoantibodies against the noncollagenous domain of the a3 chain of collagen IV
58
Majority of patients are active smokes
Goodpasture syndrome
59
a rare disorder characterized by intermittent, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Most cases occur in young children,
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
60
It is previously classed as WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS It involves the upper respiratory of the lungs Symptoms: hemoptysis
Polyangiitis with granulomatosis
61
Symptoms of polyangiitis with granulomatosis
Hemoptysis
62
Local pulmonary defense mechanism may be compromised by many factors including:
Loss or suppression of the cough reflex Dysfunction of the mucociliary apparatus Accumulation of secretion Pulmonary congestion and edema
63
Community acquired bacterial pneumonias
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Haemophilus influenzae 3. Moraxella catarrhalis 4. Staphylococcus aureus 5. Legionella pneumophila 6. Klebsiella pneumoniae 7. Pseudomoas aeruginosa 8. Mycoplasma pneumoniae 9. Lobar pneumonia
64
Aka pneumococus Most common cause of CAP
Streptococcus pneumoniae
65
The most common bacterial cause of acute exacerbations of COPD
Haemophilus influenzae
66
Pleomorphic, gram-negative organism that occurs in encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms Descending laryngotracheobronchitis results in airway obstrucion
Haemophilus influenzae
67
Common in the elderly and it is the 2nd most common bacterial cause of acute exacerbatin of COPD One of the 3 most common cause of otitis media in children
Moraxella catarrhalis
68
High incidence of complication: lung abscess and emphysema IV drug users are at high risk in developiong of staphylococcal pneumonia in associated with endocarditis
Staphylococcus aureus
69
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Staphylococcus aureus
70
Most frequent cause of gram0negative bacterial pneumonia It is seen in chronic alcoholics
Klebsiella pneumonia
71
Common in patients who are neutropenic Seen in cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
72
Legionnaires disease
Legionella pneumophilia
73
This organism flourishes in articifal aquatic environments Pontaic fever
Legionella pneumophilia
74
a community acquired pneumonia that is Common among children and younh adults
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
75
4 stages of lobar pneumonia
1. Congestion 2. Red hepatization 3. Gray hepatization 4. Resolution
76
What are the community acquired viral pneumonias
Influenza virus type A and B Respiratory syncytial virus Human metapneumovirus Adenovirus rhinoviruses Rubeola Varicella viruses
77
Factors that favor extension of the infection to the lung include
Extreme of age Malnutrition Alcoholism Underlying debilitating illness
78
Proteins of inflluenza
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins
79
Major cause of pandemic and epidemic in influenza infections
In humans, pigs, horses and birds
80
What drift in influenza may cause epidemics and has a minor change within subtype
Antigenic drift
81
What shift in influenza may cause pandemic and has a major change creating new subtyoes
Antigenic shift
82
a virus that is Associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Human metapneumovirus
83
What protein does human coronavirus binds to
ACE2 protein
84
Enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus Highly pathogenic type is SARS-CoV-2
Human coronavirus
85
In what specific location can we find ACE2 protein
On the surface of pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells
86
acquired by inhalation of dust particles from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings that contain small spores (microconidia), the infectious form of the fungus.
Histoplasmosis
87
What is the treatment of histoplasmosis
Antifungal agents
88
Soil-=inhabiting dimorphic fungus Has 3 clinical forms 1. Pulmonary blastomycosis 2. Disseminated blastomycosis 3. Rare primary cutaneous form
Blastomycosis
89
When inhaled, it develops a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus, but most remain asymptomatic
Coccidioidomycosis
90
Most lung cancers are associated with a well known carcinogen
Cigarette smoke
91
Most common subtype in never smokers
Adenocarcinoma KRAS 30%
92
Small precursor lesion (≤5 mm) Dysplastic pneumocytes lining alveolar walls that are mildly fibrotic
Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
93
< 3 cm in size Dysplastic cells growing along pre-existing alveolar septa. May or may not have intracellular mucin
Adenocarcinoma in situ
94
Tumors (≤3 cm) with a small invasive component (≤5 mm) associated with scarring and a peripheral lepidic growth pattern
Adenocarcinoma
95
No known pre-invasive phase MOST aggressive of lung tumors Salt and pepper pattern
Squamous cell carcinoma
96
Typial and atypical carcinoids Collar-button lesion Small,rounded,uniform nuclei and moderate amounts of cytoplasm
Carcinoid tumors
97
Undifferentiated Diagnosis of exclusion
Large cell carcinoma
98
The most common site of metastatic neoplasms
Metastatic tumors to the lungs
99
where does primitive foregut Often located in
hilum or middle mediastinum
100
3 most common cause of otitis media
S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
101
Where does viral pneumonias generally occur
Frequently in interstitial and not in alveolar

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