Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

gen path lec > Neoplasia 2 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Large % of cancer incidence in both male and female

A

Male
- prostate 20%
- colon and rectum 9%
- lung, bronchus 13%

Female
- breast 30%
- colon and rectum 7%
- lung, bronchus 13%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Estimated cancer deaths by male and female

A

Male
- lung, bronchus 24%
- prostate 10%

Female
- lung, bronchus 23%
- breast 15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Environmental factors of cancer

A

Infectious agents
Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Diet
Obesity
Reproductive history
Environmental carcinogens
Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Human papillomavirus or HPV affects in what part of the body

A

Cervical and headand neck cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

90% cause of lung cancer

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In what part of the body can you get cancer in alcohol consumption

A

Carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis -> ?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Environmental factors of diet

A

Colorectal carcinoma
Prostate carcinoma
Breast carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

an environmental factor in which14% of cancer deaths in men and 20% in women

A

Obesity (environmetal factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prolonged estrogen exposure can lead to?

A

Breast carcinoma
Endometrial carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most carcinomas occur in adults older than?

A

55 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Age in leading cause of death in cancer in male and female

A

Female - ages 40-79 yrs old
Male - ages 60-79 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pedriatic cancers are more likely to be cause by

A

Inherited mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acquired predisposing conditions

A
  1. Chronic inflammation
  2. Precursor lesions
  3. Immunodeficiency states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chronic inflammations mostly are?

A

Carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Localized morphologic changes that identify a field of epithelium that is at increased risk for malignant transformatio

A

Precursor lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Type of precursor lesion
Endometial hyperplasia -> endometrial carcinoma

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

type of precursor lesion
Barret esophagus -> adenocarcinoma

A

Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type of precursor lesio
Villous adenoma -> adenocarcinoma
CIN III - > cervical carcinoma

A

Dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Increased risk for cancer caused by oncogenic viruses
Those with deficits in T-cell immunity

A

Immunodeficiency states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A cancer that can be inherited
E.g germline mutation in tumor suppressor gene

A

Genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of carcinogenesis

A

Chemical
Radiation
Microbial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

2 step of chemical carcinogenesis

A

Initiation
Promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Results from exposure of cells to a suffecient dose of carcinogenic agent

Causes permanent DNA damage

A

Initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Can induce tumor to arise from initiated cells Not tumorigenic by themselves
Promoter
26
The major chemical carcinogens
Direct acting carcinogens Indirect acting carcinogems
27
A major chemical carcinogens that does not require metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic E.g alkylating agents used for chemotherapy
Direct acting carcinogens
28
A major chemical carcinogens that require metabolic conversion to become active carcinogens
Indirect acting carcinogens
29
Examples of radiation carcinogenesis
Uv rays and ionizing radiation
30
Carcinogenic because its ability to cause pyrimidine dimers to form in DNA Responsible for the induction of cutaneous cancers
Ultraviolet rays UVB light
31
Uv spectrum of UVC UVB and UVA
UVC - stratosphere UVB - skin surface UVA - epidermis
32
Examples of UVB light cutaneous cancers
Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Melanoma
33
Radiation induced cancers
Myeloid leukemia Thyroid cancer Breast, lung and salivary gland carcinoma
34
Organs which are resistant to radiation induced cancers
Skin bone GI tract
35
Microbial carcinogenesis: VIRUSES
HTLV-1 HPV EBV Hepatitis B and C
36
Associated malignancy Adult T-cell leukemia
HTLV-1 virus
37
associated malignancy Squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix, anogenital region , and heal and neck
HPV
38
Associated malignancy Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
39
Associated malignancy Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis B and C
40
Microbial carcinogenesis: bacteria
Helicobacter pylori
41
asociatd malignancy Gastric adenocarcinoma MALToma
Helicobacter pylori
42
How is cancer developed?
1. Proto-oncogenesis: where normal cellular genes promote cell proliferation 2. Cancer promoting agents 3. Oncogenes: mutated or over expressed version of proto-oncogenes that function autonomously, having lose dependence on normal growth promoting signals 4. Cancerous cell na
43
Principal targets of cancer causing mutations
1. Growth promoting proto-oncogene ( gain of function ) 2. Growth inhibiting tumor sppressor genes ( loss of unction ) 3. Genes that regulate apoptosis ( suppress apoptosis -> gain of function, promote apoptosis -> loss of function ) 4. Genes for DNA repair ( loss of function )
44
Guardian of the genome
P53
45
what is P53?
A tumor suppressor gene altered in the majority of cancers
46
P53 causes cell cyclearrest by upregulating the __ inhibitor
CDK inhibitor p21
47
Tumor uppressor gene directly or indirectly inactivated in most human cancers
RB, governor of the cell cycle
48
In what state is RB (retinoblastoma protein) active?
Active in its hypophosphotrylated state preventing G1/S transition
49
Gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia
APC - adenomatous polyposis coli
50
Encodes a factor that negatively regulates the WNT pathway in colonic epithelium by promoting the formation of a complex that degrades ___??
B-catenin
51
How is cancer developed?
Initiating mutation Acquisiiton of cancer hallmarks Further genetic evolution
52
The first driver mutation
Initating mutation
53
Contribute to te acquisition of cancer hallmarks
Driver mutation
54
Mutations that lead to genomic instability
Passenger mutation
55
No phenotypic consequence More common than driver mutations
Passenger mutation
56
Hallmarks of cancer
Avoiding immune destruction Sustaining proliferative signaling Deregulating cellular energetics Inducing angiogenesis Resisting cell death Genetic instability Activating invasion and metastasis Tumor promoting inflammation Enabling replicative immortality Evading growth suppressors
57
Associated malignancy Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
58
First driver mutation
Initiating mutation
59
What agent. By product of metal smelting Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma
Arsenic and arsenic compounds
60
Typical use of the agent : For brake linings, floor tiles
Asbestos
61
Widely used as solvent and fumigant Can cause acute myeloid leukemia
Benzene
62
What agent Yellow pigment and phosphors, used as batteries and as allow in metal platings and coating Can cause prostate carcinoma
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
63
Typical use of nickel compound Can cause lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma
By product of stainless steel arc welding
64
What agent: Vinyl polymers, adhesive for plastics Causes hepatic angiosarcoma
Vinyl chloride
65
Tumor suppressor gene altered in the colonic neoplasms
APC

gen path lec (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions