environmental health and tox Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
An Animal Feeding Operation by definition means you need to bring feed onto premises to feed animals for minimum of ___ days per year.
A
45 days
2
Q
Toxic principle on Tall Fescue and clinical signs in what species?
A
Ergovaline alkaloids cause dry gangrene of digits, abdominal fat necrosis, agalactia in late gestation in horses and cattle
3
Q
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) causes ____ clinical sign in horses?
A
Laminitis
4
Q
Hoary alyssum (bertoa incana) can cause ____ clinical signs in ____ species?
A
Laminitis and dependent edema in horses
5
Q
Death Camas (Zygadenus spp) toxic principle and clinical signs?
A
Alkaloids zygacine causes vasodilation , hypotension, bradycardia, seizures, death
6
Q
4 main cardiotoxic plants?
A
Taxus spp (yews) Digitalis (foxglove, oleander, lily of the valley, dogbane), Grayanotoxins (rhodadendrons, azaleas, heath), Trematone (Eupatorium/ White snake root)
7
Q
Main toxic principle and clinical signs for milkweeds (Asclepias)?
A
Cardiac and GI signs; cardenolides (cardiac glycoside)
8
Q
Main components of acid rain?
A
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
9
Q
What size particulate matter lodges in nose/pharynx? What size lodges in lower airways?
A
PM10- nose; PM 2.5- lungs
10
Q
Main toxin in Taxus spp and main clinical signs?
A
Alkaloids Taxine A and B; Cardiac and GI; sudden death
11
Q
Main toxin in Persea americana (Avocado) and clinical signs?
A
Unknown toxin; cardiac (Horses, birds), SQ tissues, and mastitis… skin and seeds most toxic
12
Q
5 plants causing hemolytic anemia?
A
Allium spp, Acer rubrum (red maple), Brassica spp, Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover), Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) in cattle esp
13
Q
5 Plants that cause cyanide poisoning?
A
Wild cherry, choke cherry, Sorghum spp (Johnson grass, sudan grass), Arrograss, Elderberry
14
Q
What color is blood in cyanide poisoning?
A
Cherry red
15
Q
Toxic principle in moulded sweet clover hay?
A
Dicourmarol (anticoagulant)
16
Q
4 Plants that cause methemoglobinemia?
A
Amaranthus spp (Pigweed,), Lambs quarters, Kochia spp (burning bush, fireweed), Sorghum spp (johnsongrass, sudan grass)
17
Q
6 Plants that cause liver toxicosis?
A
Senicio, crotalaria, Cocklebur, Gossypol, alsike clover, Sago palms
18
Q
5 Algae or mycotoxins that cause liver toxicosis?
A
Aflatoxin, fumonisin, sporodesmin, blue-green algae, amanita mushrooms
19
Q
Senecio spp toxic principle and clinical signs?
A
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and liver toxicosis (Hepatic insufficiency, HE, death)
20
Q
Cockleburr (Xanthium spp) toxic principle and clinical signs?
A
Carboxytractyloside and hepatotoxic primarily in swine
21
Q
Key species of blue-green Algae?
A
Microcystis and Anabena
22
Q
2 Plants associated with photosensitization (primary)?
A
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp), St John’s wort (Hypericum)
23
Q
4 Plants associated with nephrotoxicity?
A
Quercus spp (oaks), Amaranthus spp (redroot pigweed- swine), Lillium and Hemerocallis (lilies- cats),
24
Q
5 Oxalate-containing plants?
A
Sorrel, dock, Amaranthus (pigweed), Rhubarb, Chenpodium album (Lamb’s quarters, greasewood, burning bush),
25
5 Plants with CNS signs?
Astralagus/Oxytroppis spp (locoweed), Yellow star thistle, Russian knapweed, Aesculus spp (Ohio buckeye), Morning glory seeds
26
5 Plants causing paresis/paralysis?
Larkspur (delphinium spp), macadamia nuts, Karwinskia (Coyotillo), Lathyrus spp (Vetches), Sorghum spp (horses- ataxia, urine dribbling)
27
Toxic principle locoweed and clinical signs?
Inhibits alpha mannosidase. Horses- ataxia; cattle/sheep: abortions, skeletal malformations
28
“Chewing disease” is caused by what?
Chronic ingestion of yellowstar thistle.
29
1ppm= ___mg/L?
1mg/L
30
Season where blue-green algae can be issue in freshwater sources?
Late summer early fall
31
For recreational waters and beaches, water quality is based on what two indicators?
Enterococcus and E. coli
32
Cause of blue baby syndrome?
Elevated nitrates in drinking water, which is converted to nitrites in the body and decreases oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin
33
Main concern with phosphorus in surface water?
Increases growth of algae and aquatic plants which consume all the oxygen
34
Lupine toxic principle and clinical signs?
Lupinine (alkaloid); crooked calf dz (cattle), neuro signs (horses, cattle, sheep)
35
Poison hemlock clinical signs?
Rapid neuro signs, death; subclinical dose can cause arthrogryposis in cattle
36
4 plants that cause seizures?
Water hemlock, milkweed, fitweed, dutchman’s breeches
37
3 plants that cause CNS depression?
Eupatoruim spp (White snakeroot), Isocoma wrightii (rayless goldenrod), Stipa robusta (sleepy grass)
38
4 Cholinergic blocking plants?
Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Solanum spp (nightshades), Atropa belladonna (belladonna) Cestrum diurnum (Night blooming jessamine)
39
Toxic principle nightshades and clinical signs?
Solanine causes cholinesterase and GI irritation; ataxia, depression, GI signs
40
Who regulates disinfectants and antiseptics?
Disinfectants= EPA (used on inanimate things) Antiseptics = FDA (used on living things)
41
OSHA is part of what federal department? What about NIOSH
OSHA = dept of labor (regulatory/enforecement); NIOSH = Health and human services as part of CDC (research, advisement)
42
Aflatoxins clinical signs
p450 inhibitors; liver toxicosis in many species
43
What species is especially sensitive to carcinogenic properties of aflatoxins?
Trout get hepatocellular carcinomas.
44
Melamine combines with ____ to cause acute renal failure in cats
Cyanuric acid
45
Definition toxicant vs toxin?
Toxicant: any agent capable of producing a deleterious effect on a biological system.
Toxin: Poison that originates from biological processes
46
Definition threshold dose (toxins)?
Highest dose in which toxic signs are not seen
47
1ppm = ___ g/ton
0.91g/ton
48
Which plant can cause cyclops in sheep?
veratrum spp
49
What are effects of ground level ozone
Respiratory irritant and toxin, photosynthesis inhibitor
50
What are four common air pollutants associated with CAFOs?
Ammonia, H2S, methane, particulate matter
51
1ppm = ___ g/ton
0.91g/ton
52
Which plant can cause cyclops in sheep?
veratrum spp
53
Carbamate and organophosphate mechanism of action and clinical signs
Ach inhibitor; see SLUD signs, seizures, death
54
The PETS Act ammended the ____ act to include household pet in evacuation plans
Stafford Act
55
What are the four possible characteristics of hazardous waste?
Ignitability (flammable), Toxicity (fatal/harmful) , corrosivity (pH), Reactivity (explosive)
56
```
Which metal as found in the milk of dairy cattle
after feeding round bales used for
target practice?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
```
A. Lead
57
```
Which metal causes bloody guts and is found in
highest levels in the kidney?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
```
D. Arsenic
58
```
Which metal has highest levels in the brain an is an
environmental concern?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
```
E. Mercury
59
```
Which metal has highest levels in the liver but
causes gunmetal kidneys in sheep?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
```
C. Copper
60
Which metal made the blue man blue?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
B. Silver
61
Most common source and clinical signs of lead poisoning in cattle?
Batteries and blindness/dullness
62
Most common source and clinical signs of GI signs in dogs?
lead paint & GI signs
63
Highest concentration of lead is in what organ?
Kidney, also liver
64
Common sources for arsenic?
Treated lumber (even ashes from burned lumber), weed killers, older green paint,
65
Common clinical signs of arsenic poisoning?
Sudden death, bloody guts
66
```
Which metal Is often found in high levels in chicken
litter and has resulted in toxic levels in
grazing animals?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
```
C. Copper
67
Which metal causes hemolysis in
| dogs & damages kidneys?
Zinc
68
Limberneck in birds and shaker foals in horses are caused by ____ toxin
Botulism
69
Moldy corn disease in horses caused by ___?
Fumonisin (horses most sensitive to brain/liver damage)
70
Chewing disease in ruminants is caused by ___?
yellow star thistle
71
Gas eye in chickens is caused by ___?
Elevated ammonia levels in chicken houses
72
"Milk sickness" in calves is caused by ___?
Mother's ingestion of white snakeroot (Trematone)- passed in milk
73
Crooked calf disease (arthrogryposis) is caused by ___?
Lupine ingestion during pregnancy
74
Aflatoxins cause what pathologic changes
Hepatotoxin
75
Zearalenone causes what clinical signs in swine?
Hyperestrogenism/prolapses associated with mold in corn
76
Slaframine mycotoxin causes what clinical signs?
Mycotoxin of red clover- causes intense salivation
77
Aflatoxin residues are found in what tissues?
Meat, milk (toxin M1)
78
Which toxin causes delayed pulmonary edema?
NO2 (silo filler's disease)
79
3 differentials for blind/circling calves (toxin focused)
Lead, Polioencephalomalacia (sulfur), water deprivation/salt tox)
80
What two plants can cause interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle?
Perilla mint, moldy sweet potatoes
81
What plant can cause granulomatous skin lesions in livestock?
Vetch
82
Mechanism of action for carbamates and organophosphates?
Overwhelm parasympathetic system
83
Antidote for nitrate?
Methylene blue
84
Antidote for lead in large animals?
Ca EDTA
85
Antidote for lead in small animals?
Succimer
86
Antidote for Cyanide?
Na Thiosulfate & nitrite
87
Antidote for antifreeze?
Ethanol, 4-methylpyrazole
88
Antidote for mercury?
BAL (chelator), succimer
89
Antidote for organophosphates or carbamates?
Atropine
90
Antidote for copper
D-penicillamine
91
Antidote for larkspur (glycoside)
Physostigmine
92
Mulberry heart disease in swine is caused by __?
Vit E/Selenium deficiency
93
White muscle disease caused by ___?
Vit E/Selenium deficiency
94
Ricketts caused by
Vit D deficiency
95
What are the four steps of Integrated Pest Management?
PAMS- prevention, avoidance, monitoring, suppression
96
Nitrates cause _____ which turns blood _____
Methemoglobinemia; Brown
97
Cyanide causes _____ which turns blood _____
Oxyhemoglobinemia; cherry red
98
Oak toxicity causes ____
GI signs & Kidney-perirenal edema
99
Locoweed causes ___
CNS, abortions, Alkali Disease, High mountain disease
100
Oleander causes ____
cardiotoxic
101
Brackenfern causes ____
Bladder cancer
102
Cocklebur causes ___
liver tox
103
Poison hemlock causes _____
CNS, stimulation then depression
104
Bermuda grass causes _____
Bermuda grass staggers
105
Water hemlock causes _____
Violent convulsions
106
Perilla mint causes ______
Interstitial pneumonia
107
Senna causes _____
Heart lesions
108
Broomweed, sumpweed, Locoweed, pine cause ___
Abortions
109
Dumbcane-Diffenbachia causes _____
Oral irritation and GI signs
110
Toxicity associated with feeding distiller's grain
Sulfur
111
Toxicity associated with ionophores
Cardiotoxic
112
Toxicity associated with cottonseed
Cardiotoxic
113
Toxicity associated with aflatoxin?
Hepatotoxic
114
Toxicity associated with fumoninsin
Hepatotoxic and neuro toxic
115
Toxicity associated with blister beetles
GI inflammation/sloughing
116
Most common carcinogenic effect of radiation?
Leukemia
117
Which type of (radiation) rays originate in the nucleus of an atom? And which from the electron shell?
gamma- nucleus; x-ray- electron shell
118
Louping ill is caused by ____?
tick-borne flavivirus (zoonotic- small ruminants and humans)
119
Fogging of mosquitoes controls which stage?
Adults only
120
under FIFRA, EPA must review registered pesticide safety info every ____ yrs?
15 years
121
Ixodes scapularis two common names
deer tick; black-legged tick
122
Amblyomma Americanum common name
Lone star tick
123
Tularemia and RMSF transmitted by what tick species?
Amblyomma amaricanum/lone star tick and Dermacentor variabilis/ brown dog tick
124
Dermacentor variabilis common names (2)
Brown dog tick, wood tick
125
Scrub typhus common name?
Tsutsugamushi disease
126
Scrub typhus cause and vector?
Orientia tsutsugamushi; Larval trombiculid mites
127
Cimex lectularius common name?
bed bug
128
Rat bite fever cause?
Streptobacillus moniliformis
129
Murine typhuys cause and vector?
Rickettsia typhi; fleas (Cheopsis)
130
Two fungal diseases from inhalating pigeon poop?
Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum) , Cryptococosis (Cryptococcus neoformans)
131
Causative agent white nose syndrome?
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
132
Radioactive cesium mimics ___ element and concentrates in _____ tissue
Mimics K; concentrates in muscle
133
Radioactive strontium mimics ____ element and concentrates in ____ tissues
mimics calcium; concentrates in bone
134
What are the five key modules of ICS?
Planning, Logistics, Finance, Operations, and Command
135
In ICS, what is optimal ratio of supervisor: subordinates
1: 5
136
Noise above ____ dBA for 8 hours is considered hazardous
85 dBA
137
External radiation exposure- what kind of particles/energy are most detrimental?
Gamma and xray
138
Internal radiation exposure- what kind of particles/energies are most detrimental?
Alpha and beta
139
Radon emits what sort of ionizing radiation?
Alpha particles
140
How are people most commonly exposed to dioxins?
Through contaminated animal products?
141
How are animals most commonly exposed to dioxins?
Through consumption of contaminated soils or vegetation
142
Primary result of hexavalent chromium exposure
lung cancer
143
1g/ton = ____ ppm
1.1 ppm
144
What species is affected if you have excess copper and deficiency in molybdenum?
Sheep
145
What species is affected if you have excess molybdenum and deficiency of copper?
Cattle
146
Which is more susceptible to urea toxicity- cattle or horses?
Cattle- Rumen bacteria contain urease, which breaks urea down into ammonia and non-protein nitrogen.
147
A cattle farmers has aflatoxin in corn- 40 ppm- action level is 20 ppm. What can farmer do to dispose of 50K bushels of corn?
If beef, dilute corn by half with clean product. If dairy, do not feed since aflatoxin concentrates in milk and FDA considers aflatoxins as adulterants
148
Farmer with brood mares, pasture is bad because of drought, has sorghum field, and wants advice on pasturing mares on sorghum.
1) sorghum tox = nitrate poisoning (methemoglobinemia)
2) plants concentrate nitrates during drought conditions
3) also contain glycosides that can cause late-term abortions or prolonged gestation in mares
149
What toxic plant causes pulmonary edema?
Perilla frutescen-common name is either beefsteak
| plant or wild mint.
150
Silo filler's disease caused by
Nitrogen oxide inhalation
151
Which greenhouse gas causes most infrared trapping?
Water vapor (others = SO2, Cl, methane, NOx, SO2)
