Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Virology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

important strains of SARS

A

SARS 1: bats
SARS 2: civets
SARS 3 and 4: humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

virus epidemiology

A

study of determinants, frequency, dynamics, and distribution of viral diseases in populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

disease triad

A

host - pathogen - environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

case fatality rate

A

% deaths among clinically ill animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mortality rate

A

% animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specified period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

morbidity rate

A

% animals in a population that develop clinical signs attributable to a particular virus over a defined period of time (commonly the duration of an outbreak)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

incidence

A

new cases that occur in a population over a specified period of time (attack rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

prevalence

A

occurrences of disease (old and new cases), infection, or related attributes (antibodies) in a population, at a particular point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F incidence is easy to measure for chronic diseases

A

F: for chronic diseases will usually measure prevalence instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sporadic viral diseases

A

viral diseases occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances, and in a irregular and haphazard manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

enzootic viral diseases (endemic)

A

constant presence of a viral disease within a given geographic area or population group
ex. Louping Ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

epizootic viral diseases

A

occurrence of more cases of viral diseases than expected in a given area or among a specific group of animals over a particular period of time; peaks in disease occurrence that exceed the enzootic baseline or expected incidence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

panzootic viral diseases

A

virus epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a larger proportion of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carrier

A

animals that have contracted an infectious viral disease, but display no clinical symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F A carrier can shed a virus continuously or intermittently.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

incubatory carriers

A

aka acute

animals that shed virus during incubation period of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

convalescent carriers

A

aka chronic

animals that shed virus during recovery from disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

inapparent carriers

A

carrier state may exist in an animal with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

contagious disease

A

disease that is spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

period of contagiousness

A

time during which an infected animal sheds virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

exotic disease

A

disease not known to occur in a particular country or geographical area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reservoir

A

habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies; can be human, animal, or environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/F reservoirs can be animate or inanimate

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

surveillance

A

systematic collection, analysis, interpretations, and dissemination of health data on an ongoing basis, to gain knowledge of the pattern of disease in the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
seroepidemiology
use of serological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation, as determined by diagnostic serological techniques
26
T/F seroepidemiology can only determine prevalence of a particular infection
F: prevalence and incidence
27
molecular epidemiology of viruses
use of molecular biological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation of viral diseases
28
T/F molecular epidemiology can be used for conclusive evidence for transmission of viruses from animals to humans
T (or vice versa)
29
horizontal transmission
aka lateral spread of an infectious agent from one person/animal or group to another person/animal or group *most viruses transmitted this way
30
contact transmission
spread of infectious agent by direct or indirect contact
31
direct contact transmission
involves actual physical contact between an infected animal and a susceptible animal; includes sexual contact (as in HIV, herpes)
32
droplet transmission
transmission of a virus in droplet nuclei (saliva or mucus) that travel less than 1 meter from the source to susceptible host (sneezing, coughing)
33
indirect contact transmission
occurs via fomites
34
fomite
inanimate object or substance that is contaminated with the infectious agent and is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from on individual to another
35
airborne transmission
spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter, sometimes miles, from infected to susceptible host
36
T/F airborne transmission is indirect contact
T
37
T/F droplet transmission is indirect contact
F
38
vector transmission
aka arthropod-borne transmission arthropod vectors carry viruses from infected host to susceptible host *can be mechanical or biological
39
mechanical transmission
vector transmission * | passive transport or the infectious agent on the feet or other body parts of the arthropod vector
40
biological transmission
*vector transmission infectious agent undergoes either a necessary part of its life cycle, or multiplication, in the vector before transmission to susceptible host
41
How does an arthropod vector acquire the virus for biological transmission?
by feeding on the blood of a viremic animal
42
extrinsic incubation period
time it takes a virus inside an arthropod vector to get from the gut to the salivary gland (several days) *bio transmission
43
What is important about biological transmission?
helps virus to cross species barriers
44
overwintering
survival of virus from one vector season to the next (period during which arthropods hibernate)
45
What are the 2 mechanisms of overwintering?
1. transovarial transmission | 2. trans-stadial transmission
46
transovarial transmission
virus transmitted from mother tick through infected eggs to the next generation of ticks
47
trans-stadial transmission
virus transmitted from larva or nymph to next stage of development (nymph or adult); ex. tick-borne flaviviruses
48
arboviruses
class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks; complex life cycles 1. sylvatic 2. rural 3. urban
49
sylvatic cycle
aka enzootic or jungle | natural transmission of virus between wild animals/birds (vertebrate hosts) and primary insect vectors
50
rural cycle
aka epizootic | virus transmitted between non-wild or domestic animals and primary or accessory insect vectors
51
urban cycle
virus cycles between humans and insect vectors
52
amplifying host
level of virus can become high enough that an insect vector such as a mosquito that feeds on it will probably become infectious
53
dead-end host
aka incidental host host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts; do not develop sufficient viremia to be picked up by insect vectors
54
bridge vector
arthropod that acquires virus from an infected wild animal and subsequently transmits the agent to human or secondary host
55
WEEV transmission
- enzootic cycle between passerine birds and mosquito vector (C. tarsalis) - domestic and wild birds are reservoir and epizootic amplifying hosts - lagomorphs and rodents can amplify - horses and human are dead-end hosts
56
common-vehicle transmission
includes fecal contamination of food and water supplies and virus-contaminated meat or bone products
57
iatrogenic transmission
infection transferred during medical or surgical practice - contaminated instruments or body surface - contaminated prophylactic or therapeutic preparations
58
nosocomial transmission
occurs while an animal is in a vet clinic; hospital acquired infection ex. parvo
59
vertical transmission
infection that is transferred from dam to embryo, fetus, or newborn before, during, or shortly after parturition (colostrum, milk, or fecal contamination of teats)
60
What can vertical transmission cause?
- early embryonic death or abortion - congenital disease - congenital defects
61
vertical transmission of retroviruses
via integration of proviral DNA directly into DNA of germ line of fertilized egg
62
vertical transmission of cytomegaloviruses
to the fetus via the placenta, whereas other herpesviruses are transmitted during passage through birth canal
63
T/F viruses transmitted by fecal-oral route have low environmental stability
F: they have higher stability; respiratory route has low environmental stability
64
Which routes of transmission avoid exposure to external environment?
- vertical transmission - venereal transmission - vector transmission
65
herd immunity
occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals who have no developed immunity
66
incubation period
interval between infection and onset of clinical signs
67
prodromal period
first signs and feelings of illness after incubation period; period of early symptoms of a disease occurring after the incubation period and just before the appearance of the characteristic symptoms of the disease
68
acute period
disease is at its height; severe clinical signs
69
decline period
period when clinical signs begin to sub side
70
convalescent period
body gradually returns to its pre-diseased state, and health is restored

Virology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions