Epidemiology and Evidenced Based Practice

Question 1

define epidemiology

Answer 1

study of Distribution and Determinants of health and illness in human populations for the purpose of controlling disease and health problems

Question 2

what does the term Distribution mean r/t epidemiology

Answer 2

spread (who, what, where, when of diseases)

Question 3

what does the term Determinants mean r/t epidemiology

Answer 3

the why of diseases

Question 4

current epidemiological news today

Answer 4

Zika virus

HPV vaccine

Question 5

Distribution r/t the Zika virus

Answer 5

Who = host = pregnant women, men (sexual partners)
What = flaki virus
When = hottest times of year when mosquito's are most prevalent
Where =  S. America, Florida, Caribbean (demographics)

Question 6

Determinant r/t the Zika virus

Answer 6

Why (care?) = causes microcephaly

Question 7

Distribution r/t HPV vaccine

Answer 7

Who - women 14-34 years of age
What - human papillomavirus
When - adolescence
Where - America

Question 8

Determinant r/t HPV vaccine

Answer 8

Why - decreased risk of HPV infection

Question 9

who is John Snow

Answer 9

soldier against disease (Cholera) in the mid 1800’s in England

Question 10

what did John Snow do?

Answer 10

asked people who was dying, where, what they were dying of and when it was all occurring

Question 11

who is known as the father of public health/epidemiology

Answer 11

John Snow

Question 12

noxious miasma theory

Answer 12

“pig pen” dirty, poor people theory

Question 13

what is cholera

Answer 13

a water born disease, bacterial

Question 14

taking the pump handle of means

Answer 14

getting to the source/issue

Question 15

epidemiological triad

Answer 15

agent (disease process/cholera)
host
environment
these factors interacting cause disease

Question 16

wheel of causation

Answer 16

inner circle - genetic core
middle circle - host
outer circle - biologic, social, physical environment

Question 17

web of causation helps to

Answer 17

determine the why (determinant)

Question 18

primary prevention

Answer 18

promote health before disease/behavior occurs

eg: Teen Pregnancy (condoms, pill); Vaccines (flu)

Question 19

secondary prevention

Answer 19

state of disease - not interventions
eg: Teen Pregnancy (screening for preg. itself); HIV tested; assessing, interviewing, identify people (domestic violence)

Question 20

tertiary prevention

Answer 20

preventing death/disability from disease state

eg: Teen Pregnancy (prenatal care)

Question 21

define endemic

Answer 21

usual presence of disease within a geographic area

flu virus is endemic to North-Eastern U.S. in winter

Question 22

define epidemic

Answer 22

significant increase in number of cases of a disease (beyond endemic)

Question 23

define pandemic

Answer 23

an epidemic affecting multiple countries/regions of the world

Question 24

define common source outbreak

Answer 24

exposure to a common, harmful substance

Question 25

define propagated outbreak

Answer 25

transmission of infectious agent from one person to the next

Question 26

how to calculate rates

Answer 26

Events measured (infant deaths) are in the Numerator All who could have died are in the Denominator Specific period of time must be indicated Multiply by base (multiple of 10)

Question 27

what is a crude rate

Answer 27

occurrence of a health problem in a community at a certain time

Question 28

what is an adjusted rate

Answer 28

adjust for the effected (gender, ethnicity) - removes differences in populations

Question 29

***what is relative risk ratio

Answer 29

your chances of getting disease if exposed | incidence rate in an exposed group vs the non-exposed group:ratio

Question 30

define ratio

Answer 30

fraction representing relationship between 2 numbers

Question 31

define rate

Answer 31

state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period - measurement

Question 32

rate calculation

Answer 32

number of events in a population at a specific period/total population

Question 33

crude mortality rate calculation

Answer 33

number of deaths occurring in 1 yr/midyear population

Question 34

cause specific mortality rate calculation

Answer 34

number of deaths from a stated cause (cardiovascular disease) in 1 yr/midyear population

Question 35

age specific mortality rate calculation

Answer 35

number of people in a specific age group (ages 5-15) dying in 1 yr/midyear population of the specific age group

Question 36

infant mortality rate calculation

Answer 36

number of death under 1 yr of age in 1 yr/number of live births in the same year

Question 37

infant mortality rate is used as greatest indicator of health in certain country, t or f

Answer 37

true - reflects how healthy Mom is

Question 38

define incidence rates

Answer 38

new cases in a community

Question 39

define prevalence

Answer 39

who already has it - number of existing cases

Question 40

*define sensitivity

Answer 40

true positive - ability of a test to find those that have a disease

Question 41

*define specificity

Answer 41

true negatives - ability of a test to find those who truly do not have a disease

Question 42

term for incidence rate in exposed group and the incidence rate in the non-exposed group

Answer 42

relative risk ratio

Question 43

West Nile Virus is endemic to summer time in North Eastern U.S., T or F

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Malaria is endemic to Ecuadorian parts of the world, T or F

Answer 44

True

Question 45

host factor that influences peoples malarial infections

Answer 45

****genetic traits - sickle cell trait is protective against malaria

Question 46

secondary prevention of tuberculosis

Answer 46

PPD plus chest x-ray (white infiltrates)

Question 47

primary prevention of tuberculosis

Answer 47

vaccine or PPE (personal protective equipment, masks) - will get positive PPD

Question 48

is PPD sensitive or specific

Answer 48

sensitive; chest x-ray is specific

Question 49

Tertiary prevention of tuberculosis

Answer 49

rifampin and INH

Question 50

what are behavior change models

Answer 50

models that assist clients, groups and communities to redirect activities toward health and wellness

Question 51

how many behavior change models are there

Answer 51

3

Question 52

what are the 3 behavior change models

Answer 52

learning model health belief model trans-theoretical model

Question 53

what is the learning model

Answer 53

people do things that reward them - incremental steps towards a final goal

Question 54

what is the health belief model

Answer 54

Cues (r/t smoking) - friends/drinking Barriers - friends do it/habit Benefits - lower risk for lung cancer

Question 55

what is the trans-theoretical model (weight loss, smoking)

Answer 55

Precontemplation - grandma smoked never got lung cxr, lived forever Contemplation - know I need to stop smoking, but its working for me right now Preparation - quitting on sons birthday Action - i quit yesterday Maintenance - I've been sober for 6 months Relapse - I just used again after being sober for 6 months

Question 56

when asking questions to find (smokers) you are doing which type of prevention

Answer 56

Secondary prevention - to intervene at an early stage of disease

Question 57

what is motivational interviewing***

Answer 57

Client-centered communication to elicit change helps clients explore/resolve ambivalence to change ADDRESSES AMBIVALENCE move from pre-contemplation to contemplation

Question 58

"motivation for change occurs when people perceive a discrepancy between where they are and where they want to be" T or F

Answer 58

True

Question 59

descriptive studies describe

Answer 59

Distribution - disease according to person, place, time | summarizes health event

Question 60

analytic studies investigate

Answer 60

Determinant - causes and associations between factors (the why)

Question 61

cohort studies look at (analytic)

Answer 61

graduates of nursing school from a certain year(s), follows them for life

Question 62

cross-sectional studies look at (analytic)

Answer 62

cross - section of student population right now, assess for (risky behaviors/smoking..)

Question 63

retrospective studies look at (analytic)

Answer 63

incidence of disease process in a specific year (looking back)

Question 64

analytical studies are trying to find

Answer 64

causation - the why

Question 65

2 types of analytical studies

Answer 65

Cohort studies - following over a period of time | Case-Control studies - retrospective

Question 66

golden standard of research studies

Answer 66

experimental designs

Question 67

2 categories of experimental designs

Answer 67

``` preventative intervention (primary) - before exposure to disease, tests and intervention Therapeutic intervention (secondary) - those currently experiencing disease, testing interventions ```

Question 68

best way for you to know research is valid

Answer 68

having a control group

Question 69

elisa HIV

Answer 69

specific

Question 70

western blot HIV

Answer 70

sensitive - start off with