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Hematology > Episode 1 > Flashcards

Episode 1 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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0
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the blood after centrifugation

A
  1. Plasma (55%)
  2. Buffy Coat (<1%) - WBC, Platelets
  3. Erythrocytes (45%)
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1
Q

What are the 4 functions of blood

A
  1. Major “Transportation Medium” –> Blood permeates all organs and tissues
  2. Homeostasis –> The quantity of everything in the blood is regulated in some fashion
  3. Buffering
  4. Temperature regulation
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2
Q

In centrifugation, how are the elements of the blood separated?

A

The heavy elements fall to the bottom.

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3
Q

What elements are considered the “formed elements” and why?

A

Leukocytes, Platelets and Erythrocytes
- Technically, platelets are not cells even though they are classified as thrombocytes. They are fragments of cells with no organelles or nucleus. Therefore, they are classified as formed elements

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4
Q

What 3 things make up the blood plasma and what percentage are they present?

A
  1. Proteins (7%)
  2. Water (91%)
  3. Other Solutes (2%)
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5
Q

What percentage of body weight does blood make up

A

8%

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6
Q

What 3 specific proteins make up the protein content of blood plasma

A
  1. Albumins (58%)
  2. Globulins (38%)
  3. Fibrinogen (4%)
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7
Q

What five things are included in the “other solutes” portion of the blood plasma?

A
  1. Ions
  2. Nutrients
  3. Waste Products
  4. Gases
  5. Regulatory Substances
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8
Q

What is the average number of platelets in our blood?

A

250-400 Thousand

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9
Q

What is the normal number of Erythrocytes in the blood

A

4.2-5.8 million

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10
Q

What 5 leukocytes make up the amount of leukocytes in the blood and in what percentages?

A
  1. Neutrophils (60-70%)
  2. Lymphocytes (20-25%)
  3. Monocytes (3-8%)
  4. Eosinophils (2-4%)
  5. Basophils (0.5-1%)
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11
Q

What is the average number of leukocytes in the blood

A

5-9 Thousand

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12
Q

What is Serum?

A

Plasma minus its clotting factors

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13
Q

The percentage of Blood in the body is associated with what?

A

The total body weight. Therefore men (5-6 L) tend to have more than women (4-5 L)

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14
Q

What is the mean temperature of Blood?

A

38 C

100.4 F

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15
Q

What is the mean salinity of blood?

A

(mainly NaCl) 0.9%

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16
Q

What is the average hematocrit percentages for male and female?

A

Male: 45-52%
Female: 37-48%

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17
Q

What are the names for low and high hematocrit percentages

A

Low: Anemia
High: Polycythemia

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18
Q

What is often used to follow up test abnormal results on a CBC?

A

A peripheral blood smear to examine various blood cells microscopically. A blood smear examined by a trained eye is still the BEST method for definitively evaluating and identifying immature and abnormal cells.

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19
Q

How are RBC spaced in a properly done blood smear?

Study These Flashcards
A

More or less evenly spaced and occasionally form groups of maybe 2 to 3 cells. You do not want clumps or rows of cells

20
Q

Why does the center of RBC appear lighter under a microscope

Study These Flashcards
A

Because of the biconcave shape

21
Q

T or F, Mature RBCs have a multi-lobed nucleus

Study These Flashcards
A

False, Mature RBC do not have a nucleus

22
Q

What are 3 principle functions of RBC?

Study These Flashcards
A

Solubilize
Exchange and carry gases
Buffering

23
Q

What is the purpose of the biconcave shape in RBC

Study These Flashcards
A

To increase the surface area

24
What is a platelet specifically?
Not really a cell but rather fragments of megakaryocytes that break off in the bone marrow before entering the peripheral blood.
25
What is the main function of Platelets
To form a platelet plug which slow down or stop bleeding
26
Describe the neutrophil nucleus
Divided into 3-5 lobes connected by thin strands of chromatin. Easiest to find
27
Do Neutrophils contain granules?
Yes they are considered granulocytes but the granules are small, few and sometimes hard to see unless darkly stained
28
Function of Neutrophils
Primary defense against bacteria and fungi
29
Describe the nucleus of an Eosinophil and anything else that helps determine it under microscope
Usually has only 2 lobes Almost all cytoplasm is full of granules Granules stain pink or red
30
Main function of Eosinophils
Defense against parasitic infections
31
Describe the nucleus of a Basophil and anything else that helps determine it under microscope
- Usually 2-3 lobes that are not well defined and may appear in "S" shape - Granules are usually stained deep bluish or reddish-violet but not as numerous as eosinophils
32
What are the keys to differentiating between eosinophils and basophils?
1. Nucleus in eosinophils only has 2 lobes that are usually equal size. Very well defined. Basophil nucleus has 2-3 lobes and not well defined 2. Granules in eosinophils greatly outnumber granules in basophils
33
Function of Basophils
Mediate inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergy symptoms
34
What happens when Basophils migrate to tissues?
They become Mast cells
35
Basophils and Mast cells both store what in their granules? What is its function
Histamine | - Causes some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction
36
Describe the nucleus of a Monocyte and anything else that helps determine it under microscope
- C-shaped or Kidney bean shaped - Has light area around nucleus that is the golgi apparatus that does not stain well. - Few if any granules
37
What is the "negative image" phenomenon shown in Monocytes
In the cytoplasm around the monocytes there is a light area. There is golgi apparatus in this area that does not stain well (as well as cytoplasm) and leaves a light impression near the concave surface of the nucleus
38
What happens to Monocytes when they migrate to tissues
They become macrophages
39
Main role of Monocytes
Kill intracellular microorganisms (certain bacteria & fungi) similar to neutrophils by phagocytosis
40
Which cell is the smallest of the WBCs?
Lymphocytes - Usually only a bit larger than RBCs
41
Describe the appearance of a Lymphocyte under microscope
- Round nucleus and Little cytoplasm | - Very few, if any granules
42
What are the two lymphocytes and how are they distinguished?
T and B lymphocytes | - They cannot be distinguished to the naked eye, other tests must be done to distinguish
43
What is the main function of lymphocytes?
To identify "non-self" antigens. Once identified, cells can generate specific responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate the pathogens containing the antigens or pathogen infected cells.
44
How do B lymphocytes respond to pathogens?
By producing antibodies that attack bacteria and viruses
45
What do the two types of T lymphocytes do?
CD4 (T helper) - produce chemicals that direct the immune response CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) - Produce enzymes which induce the death of pathogen infected cells.
46
Other than B and T lymphocytes, what is the third lymphocyte and its function
Natural Killer cells - play role in rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses. They kill cells by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of protein called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die.
47
What do NK cells secrete?
Granules containing proteins called: -Perforin -Granzyme Cause target cell to die

Hematology (6 decks)

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