Episode 3

Question 0

Red bone marrow is found in:

Answer 0

1. Flat bones
2. Irregular bones
3. Long bones

Question 1

Where are RBCs synthesizezd?

Answer 1

In RED BONE MARROW

Question 2

T or F, Yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity. In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increased blood cell production.

Answer 2

True, But read and digest this statement

Question 3

In fetus, where are Blood cells found?

Answer 3

Formed in liver and spleen

Question 4

In adults, where can bone marrow be formed if bone marrow becomes destroyed or diseased?

Answer 4

In the locations that are used in fetuses or in other words extramedullary erythropoiesis

Question 5

What is the most important growth factor for Erythropoiesis?

Answer 5

Erythropoietin (EPO) which is released by the kidneys (and to small extent the liver)

Question 6

RBCs enter the circulation as what:

Answer 6

Reticulocytes which still contain some organelles.

Question 7

What are absolute ingredients for making normal RBCs? (4)

Answer 7

1. Amino Acids
2. Iron
3. Folic Acid
4. Vitamin B12

Question 8

What special stain is used to see reticulocytes?

Answer 8

a slight basophilic staining

Question 9

Explain the negative feedback loop in Erythropoietin production

Answer 9

• As the number of RBCs increases, and the red cell mass rises, oxygen is delivered more easily to tissues. Th kidneys sense this increase in oxygen delivery and EPO levels drop.

Question 10

What happens when oxygen levels are low (Hypoxia)?

Answer 10

EPO levels rise, and RBC production increases until oxygenation returns to normal

Question 11

What integral protein of RBC is an anion transporter associated with the chloride shift

Answer 11

Band 3

Question 12

Describe Glycophorins

Answer 12

1. Negatively charged proteins

2. Reduce the interaction of red cells with one another. Reduces clumping

Question 13

What is the role Aquaporin-1 integral proteins?

Answer 13

Serve as selective pores for water transport

Question 14

What are 6 examples of RBC integral proteins

Answer 14

1. Band 3
2. Glycophorins
3. Aquaporin-1
4. GLUT 1
5. Na/K ATPase pump
6. Ion channels and Exchangers

Question 15

What is the most important function of peripheral proteins and cytoskeleton proteins of RBC?

Answer 15

To provide the red blood cell with a flexible, yet mechanically resilient and stable, membrane. The must be flexible to travel through blood vessels that are much narrower than the red cell diameter

Question 16

What are 4 examples of peripheral proteins and cytoskeleton proteins

Answer 16

Ankyrin
Protein 4.1
Protein 4.2
Spectrin

Question 17

What causes diseases in humans such as Hereditary Spherocytosis?

Answer 17

Defects in the red cell proteins. It is characterized by the production of RBCs that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disk shaped. Spectrin or Ankyrin are absent.
- In blood smear, RBCs are abnormally small and lack the central pallor.

Question 18

Do Abnormally shaped RBCs last for the normal lifespan?

Answer 18

No, they undergo hemolysis and suffer pre-mature destruction

Question 19

What five things require energy in RBCs. This is why RBCs have enzymes

Answer 19

1. Red Cell membrane integrity
2. Red Cell shape
3. Hemoglobin sulfhydryl groups must be maintained in reduced forms
4. Iron must be kept in reduced form
5. Ion gradients

Question 20

If there is insufficient energy in a RBC, what may occur to the cell

Answer 20

It will be abnormally shaped, Spherical shape (Spherocyte)

Question 21

What is the main source of RBC energy

Answer 21

Glucose

Question 22

Erythrocyte glucose metabolism depends on what?

Answer 22

exclusively on cytosolic proteins

Question 23

What are 3 very important products of glucose metabolism

Answer 23

1. ATP - main source of energy for maintaining ion gradients
2. NADH - Required to maintain iron in reduced (ferrous) state
3. NADPH - Required for Glutathione to keep reduced form. Essential for maintaining structure

Question 24

90% of glucose in RBC is metabolized how?

Answer 24

Glycolysis (2 ATP, 2 NADH)

Question 25

What process generates NADPH in RBC

Answer 25

Pentose Phosphate Pathway, also called hexose monophosphate shunt

Question 26

10 % of glucose in RBC is metabolized how?

Answer 26

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Question 27

What enzyme is important to link pentose phosphate to glycolysis

Answer 27

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 28

Dead or deteriorating RBCs are removed from circulation by what organs:

Answer 28

Liver and Spleen

Question 29

Where is the Spleen located?

Answer 29

In the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) | - Often injured in abdominal trauma

Question 30

What occurs to RBCs in osmotic pressure situations greater than that of normal plasma (hypertonic solution)?

Answer 30

They shrink, They swell when the pressure is that of a hypotonic solution. When they swell, they eventually lose their hemoglobin (hemolysis)

Question 31

What does the RBC look like in Hypotonic solutions and Hypertonic solutions

Answer 31

Hypotonic solutions: They swell and the cell bursts leaving "ghosts" and red plasma because of the hemoglobin dissolving in plasma Hypertonic solutions: Cell shrivels and becomes "spike-like"

Question 32

What type of solution is isotonic with plasma?

Answer 32

0.9% NaCl solution, This is a normal saline solution

Question 33

Under cold temperatures, what happens to the muscle of skin blood vessels

Answer 33

Stimulate SNS fibers Vascular smooth muscle of skin blood vessels (alpha 1-mediated) Vasoconstricted --> Blood to surface of skin --> Reduces heat loss

Question 34

Under warm temperatures, how is blood a temperature regulator

Answer 34

Inhibit SNS fibers Vascular smooth muscle of skin blood vessels Vasodilation --> increased blood flow to skin Warm blood is shunted to body surface and lost by radiation and convection

Question 35

Shunting of blood is evidenced by what?

Answer 35

Redness and warmth of skin