Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hematology > Episode 2 > Flashcards

Episode 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

Other than when the CMP is typically ordered, what else can it help do?

A

Can be used to monitor a disease process or the effectiveness of the treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

When is a CMP ordered typically?

A

as a part of history & physical examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many blood tests are included in a CMP?

A

A panel of 14 individual blood tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does a patient need to do anything to prepare for a CMP

A

Yes, they typically fast for 10-12 hours before the blood is drawn for the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 14 basic components to a CMP

A 
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium 
Carbon Dioxide
Glucose
Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine
Albumin, Total Protein
Total Bilirubin
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Measuring glucose in the blood helps determine if the patient is:

A

Hypoglycemic or Hyperglycemic

Hyperglycemia is associated with Type I or Type II diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 bodily needs for Na+?

A
  1. Regulation of plasma volume
  2. Generation of nerve impulses
  3. Generation of muscle contractions
  4. Facilitation of glucose absorption in the small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What two things represent sodium imbalances?

A

Hypernatremia & Hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 bodily needs of potassium

A
  1. Generation of nerve impulses
  2. Generation of muscle contractions
  3. Acid base balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two things represent potassium imbalances?

A

Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 6 body needs of calcium

A
  1. Muscle contraction
  2. Cardiac Function
  3. Enzyme activation
  4. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters
  5. Blood clotting
  6. Normal bone and tooth architecture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What two things represent calcium imbalances?

A

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the two needs of the body for chloride?

A
  1. Acid base balance

2. Facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Albumin is a protein synthesized by what organ?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is albumin used to determine?

A

Nutritional status or to screen for certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 functions of Albumin?

A
  1. Maintenance of oncotic pressure
  2. Transportation of thyroid hormones, fat soluble hormones, “free” fatty acids, unconjugated bilirubin, many drugs
  3. Competitively binds calcium ions (Ca2+)
  4. Maintenance of pH (acts as a buffer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 5 things can albumin bind and transport?

A
  1. Thyroid hormones
  2. Fat soluble hormones
  3. Free” fatty acids
  4. Unconjugated bilirubin
  5. Many drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Creatinine?

A

A waste product made in skeletal muscle and filtered by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When do creatinine levels in the blood increase

A

When the kidneys fail to filter it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the companion test to the creatinine test?

A

BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the BUN?

A

A measure of the amount of urea in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Urea is a waste product made where from what metabolism?

A

In liver from Amino Acid metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When kidney proglems are suspected, what two tests are ordered?

A

BUN and Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What filters urea?

24
Where is Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) found?
liver - Involved in amino acid catabolism
25
Where is Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) found?
Found in the liver and a few other places such as the heart and skeletal muscles - also involved in amino acid catabolism
26
Where is Alkaline Phosphatase found?
Related to the bile ducts | Also found in bone
27
When is ALP increased?
When they are blocked or inflamed. When this occurs, the ALP can overflow like a backed up sewer and seep out of the liver and into the bloodstream
28
When are the CMP enzymes released into the blood?
When liver cells undergo necrosis, they can reflect liver damage
29
What is bilirubin?
A hydrophobic waste product from the metabolism of hemoglobin inside of RBC
30
What are the 3 tissues responsible for removing the deteriorating tissue of RBCs from the circulation
1. Liver 2. Spleen 3. Bone Marrow
31
What do the 3 tissues do to degrade these deteriorating RBCs
They degrade the hemoglobin inside the RBCs and make bilirubin (see cartoon on slide 29)
32
Where does bilirubin get sent?
Liver. Some are made in the liver but those made in the spleen and bone marrow are sent to the liver to be put into the bile
33
What is it called when Bilirubin is increased? What happens as a result of this
Hyperbilirubinemia | You turn yellow - Jaundice
34
What is Carbon Dioxide?
A waste product from aerobic metabolism
35
What is a lipid panel or lipid profile?
A complete cholesterol test that measure 4 types of lipids in body
36
What four things are measured in a Lipid profile or Lipid panel?
1. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-c) 2. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-c) 3. Triglycerides 4. Total Cholesterol
37
What are two things that a Lipid profile or cholesterol test is used to assess in a patient?
1. Risk of coronary artery disease 2. Risk of vascular disease in other parts of the body (carotid --> stroke) - Atherosclerosis???
38
What are the two main sources of cholesterol?
1. Endogenous cholesterol from LIVER | 2. Exogenous cholesterol from DIET
39
Explain why LDL is bad cholesterol and HDL is good cholesterol?
LDL is associated with cholesterol or fatty deposits in arteries leading to atheroslcerosis HDL helps carry away cholesterol that the cells don't need back to the liver. It is then excreted in the bile and kept away from arteries.
40
Triglycerides when elevated are also associated with what?
Plaque formation and cardiovascular disease, although relationship is less strong when compared LDL-c
41
What is the normal range of serum triglycerides?
35-160
42
A serum triglyceride level above 35-160 mg/dL is referred to as?
Hypertriglyceridemia
43
What is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate used for?
It is an easy, inexpensive, non-specific test to help detect conditions associated with: Acute and Chronic inflammation, including infections, cancers and autoimmune diseases
44
Why is ESR said to be non-specific?
- Because increased results do not determine exactly where the inflammation is in the body or what is causing it - It can also be affected by other conditions besides inflammation - For this reason ESR is used in conjunction with other tests
45
How is ESR performed?
It is undertaken by placing anticoagulated blood in a narrow vertical tube. RBCs fall through the plasma under gravity, dropping only a few millimeters in an hour under normal conditions. The more RBCs that fall to the bottom in an hour the higher the ESR because of Rouleaux
46
Why do you look at how fast RBCs fall to bottom of a vertical tube to determine if inflammatory condition is present?
When an inflammatory response is present, a high proportion of inflammatory mediators in the blood cause RBCs to stick to each other. The RBCs form stacks called Rouleaux which settle faster to the bottom. The more that fall, the higher the ESR
47
Can an ESR also be used to check on a disease after treatment?
Yes, it can be done to help check on the disease or see how well treatment is working after the diagnosis
48
4 inflammatory conditions often associated with Elevated ESR?
1. Temporal arteritis (chronic inflammation of large arteries of head) 2. Polymyalgia Rheumatica (Shoulder and pelvic joint stiffness) 3. Rheumatoid Arthritis 3. Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE)
49
What is A1C?
A test that can be used to not only diagnose diabetes mellitus but also to track the management of diabetes mellitus. Very reliable
50
What is A1C test most indicative of?
the average blood glucose levels over the last 3-4 months
51
It is normal for a certain percentage of glucose in the bloodstream to become attached to hemoglobin via glycation. What percentage?
4-6%
52
Once glucose is attached to RBC, how long does it stay there?
It stays for the life of the RBC (90-120 days). So, the more glucose in blood, the more glucose will be attached to RBCs
53
Chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus is associated with long-term, dysfunction, and failure of what 5 body parts?
1. Eyes 2. Kidneys 3. Nerves 4. Heart 5. Blood vessels
54
What is CRP?
a protein produced in the liver and secreted into the blood and is considered a "marker" for inflammation, meaning its presence indicates a heightened state of inflammation in the body.
55
CRP levels seem to be correlated with what risk?
Cardiac risk. In fact, CRP seems to be at least as predictive of cardiac risk as cholesterol levels.
56
Why is CRP a marker for increased cardiac risk?
It is a marker of inflammation and inflammation is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk
57
What two things have been shown to be linked to periodontal disease?
``` Diabetes Mellitus (1 & 2) Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ```
58
Medical evaluation of patients with PD, what tests should be ordered?
Lipid Panel | Blood glucose measurements (Fasting and A1C)

Hematology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions