Episode 7 Flashcards
(24 cards)
The antigens on RBC surface that are used to help classify blood groups can be what four substances?
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Glycoproteins
- Glycolipids
Define what a blood type is:
A classification of blood based on the presence (+) or absence (-) of inherited antigenic (antigens) substances on the surface of RBCs
How many blood systems are there to be estimated?
30 different blood grouping systems with 600+ antigens contained within these systems
What are the two most important blood group systems in transfusion medicine?
ABO
Rhesus (Rh)
Genes for ABO are inherited in what type of manner?
A mendelian manner
Is the ABO based on proteins or sugars?
Sugars
What blood type (ABO system) in the US is most prevalent?
O+ (37.4% of population)
A+ (35.7% of population)
What blood type can be used to donate to any other blood type. The universal donor?
O-
What blood type can receive a blood transfusion from any other blood? Universal recipient?
AB+
Name and describe 3 other blood typing systems other than the ABO and Rhesus
- Kell (K) - peptides, K+ or K-
- Duffy (Fy) - Fya and Fyb, Can be Fy(a+b-), Fy(a+b+), Fy(a-b-), Fy(a-b-)
- Lewis - Lewis a and b, Lewis(a+b-), …(just as duffy system)
There are how many Rh antigens? which are the most common?
Approximately 50 Rh antigens
Most Common:
D, C, c, E, and e
What do the terms Rh positive and Rh negatives stand for?
Rh positive - Individuals who are Rh (D) positive
Rh negative - Individuals who are Rh (D) negative
- The key is that the D antigen is used to determine the classification
What has changed in the manner with which the makeup of blood used for blood transfusion?
- They used to administer anticoagulated whole RBC. In other words, no WBC or at least a small amount were present
- Now, donated blood is processed to produce separate compound needed for medical or surgical purposes. Contains WBC
What different compounds would be present in transfused blood?
- Red cells
- White cells
- Platelets
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Heat-treated plasma
What five reactions can occur during blood transfusions?
- Hemolytic
- Non-Hemolytic
- Allergic
- Due to Volume Overload
- Transfer of Bacteria
What causes a Hemolytic reaction to blood transfusion and what it may lead to?
- Due to an antigen-antibody reaction from an incompatible transfusion
- Results in severe or fatal hemolysis (concurrent with kidney failure)
Hemolysis=Rupture of RBC
What causes a Non-Hemolytic reaction and what may the reaction lead to?
- Due to damaged blood products that release high levels of cytokines
- Leads to fever and chills, usually benign
What may the allergic reaction of blood transfusion lead to?
- Leads to rashes and itching, usually benign
What does a reaction due to volume overload during transfusion lead to?
- Could cause Pulmonary Edema
What may happen in result to a transfusion where it is infected with bacteria
- Leads to endotoxemia (free bacterial toxins) and septicemia
- Potentially Fatal
What 3 tests are used to ensure compatibility and prevent a transfusion reaction?
- Blood grouping
- Antibody Screen
- Cross-Match
Simply explain HDN (Hemolytic Disease of Newborn)
When pregnant Rh- women are carrying Rh+ babies. During delivery, the mother (Rh-) may be exposed to the Rh+ fetal blood if the placenta tears or if miscarriage occurs. Is exposed, she begins to make anti-Rh agglutinins. If she becomes pregnant again with a Rh+ baby, her anti-Rh+ agglutinins may cross the placenta and agglutinate the baby’s RBC. Results in serious anemia
Can HDN occur to a baby if it is the first child born to the mother.
No, Usually a health delivery occurs if the mother is Rh- and child is Rh+
What treatment or measure can be taken to prevent HDN?
HDN is easier to prevent than to treat
- Mother is given an Rh immune globulin that binds fetal RBC agglutinogens so they cannot stimulate her immune system.
- Often given to mothers who are Rh- with husbands that are Rh+
