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Pathology I > Epithelial Tissues & Derivatives > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues & Derivatives Flashcards

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1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs.

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2
Q

General tissue embryogenesis

A

all body tissues derive from one or more germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue embryogenesis

A

derives from ALL 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

most superficial (outermost) germ layer
forms:
epidermis, CNS, PNS, oral and nasal cavities epithelia, cornea, hair, nails, anal epithelial, exocrine glands (mammary), enamel of teeth, and some of cranial skeleton

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

deep to ectoderm (middle) germ layer

forms muscle, connective tissue, mesothelia, endothelia of blood vessels, kidneys, and gonads.

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

deep to mesoderm (innermost) germ layer

forms epithelial lining of digestive tract, bladder, and most of urethra

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7
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

A

Close cell apposition (presence at a free surface)
Always contiguous with each other
Have cell-to-cell junctions
Create an effective barrier-like arrangement (a special interface between cells)
Functional & morphological polarity
Basal surfaces are attached to a basement membrane

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8
Q

Functional & morphological polarity of epithelial cells

A

different functions are associated with different morphologies of the surface.
Basal end: releases products to help connect to CT (binding surface), faces lumen,
Apix end: communication, sensory, and uptake

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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

seen as a bit of a gap
no nuclei touch it
acts as a type of “glue”
composed of cell product, and mixed viscous components

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10
Q

Location of epithelial tissue

A

the covering (skin) and lining (of blood vessels & digestive tract) of the body; glandular tissue and their ducts

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11
Q

Function of Epithelial tissue

A 
Dependent on location, but OVERALL:
creates selective barrier between external 
environment and underlying CT
Ex:
Protect (skin)
Absorb (GI tract)
Secrete (glands)
Filtrate (kidney tubules)
Sensory Reception (olfactory)
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12
Q

4 Main Facts of Epithelial Tissue

A

Apical (free), intercellular, & basal surfaces
Highly regenerative
Avascular *important!
Highly innervated

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13
Q

Classification of Epithelial tissue

A 
Covering vs. Glandular
>
Shape
>
Layering
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14
Q

Covering

A

Forms a selective barrier over something; found on surfaces

Majority of epithelial tissue

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15
Q

Glandular

A

Specialized for secretion of products
forms invaginations deep to surface
forms secretory units and ducts in the lumen

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16
Q

Shape Classification

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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17
Q

Squamous

A

flat appearing cells; squashed

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18
Q

Cuboidal

A

square or cube shaped

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19
Q

Columnar

A

tall shaped

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20
Q

Layering Classification

A

simple or stratified

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21
Q

Simple

A

Only one cell thick

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22
Q

Stratified

A

not all cells touch the basement membrane

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23
Q

Simple squamous

A

found in blood vessels, alveoli, body cavities (mesothelium)

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24
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

secretion and absorption; in kidney tubules and exocrine gland ducts

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25
Simple columnar
secretion and absorption; may have microvilli and goblet cells; gut lining
26
Stratified squamous
*identify
27
Stratified cuboidal
To differentiate between stratified columnar, look at nuclei. If nuclei is rounded then cuboidal
28
Stratified columnar
To differentiate between stratified cuboidal, look at nuclei. If nuclei is oval then columnar
29
Pseudostratified columnar
goblet cells, cilia in respiratory. secrete and conducts objects along
30
Basal lamina
layer of extracellular matrix secreted by EP tissue epithelium sits on composed of laminin, Collagen type IV, and proteoglycan provides protective barrier with limits exchanges of macromolecules with CT attached to underlying CT
31
Reticular lamina
a network of reticular fibers produced by CT which anchors the basal lamina
32
Basement membrane | Components and Function
thin sheet of fibers underlies epithelium or the endothelium has matrix beneath any epithelium fusion of the reticular and basal laminae function: anchor mechanism for EP and CT via SAMs also acts as mechanical barrier (prevents malignant cells from deeper tissues)
33
Intercellular junctions
Tight junctions located at apices of epithelial cells region where plasma membranes of adjoining cells are in close contact to seal of intercellular space complete seal so only actively transported materials can enter
34
Communicating junctions
Gap junctions important for coordinated activity of cells (ex: heart muscle or fluid electrolyte transport) Consists of accumulation of pots in tightly packaged setting
35
SAMs
substrate adhesion molecules | cell-matrix adhesions that anchors EP and CT
36
Desmosomes
Cells specialized for cell to cell adhesion. Found on lateral surface of plasma membranes Consists of linking proteins attached to internally located cytoskeletal elements
37
Structures located on the apical surface of cells
Microvilli Flagella Stereocilia
38
Microvilli
Numerous in intestinal and kidney tubule cells Long, motile projections with longitudinal microtubules They insert into basal bodies Actively propel substances using ATP
39
Flagella
Similar to cilia, but usually only one present Longer Only in spermatozoa
40
Stereocilia
Long, non-motile microvilli Not true cilia Seen on ductus epidermis cells
41
Covering Epithelial | Organization & Location
Organization: one or more layers Location: coverings of external surfaces or linings of cavities
42
Types of Covering Epithelial
Simple Squamos Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Pseudostratisfied Columnar Stratisfied Squamos Stratisfied Cuboidal/Columnar Transitional
43
``` Simple Sqaumos (Organization, function, location) ```
Single layer Function in filtration and exchange Located in areas needing simple difusion Found in: Air sacs of lungs Dndothelium of blood vessels Mesothelium (lining of body cavities)
44
``` Simple Cuboidal (Organization, function, location) ```
Single layer Function in secretion and absorption Found in: Kidney tubules Ducts of exocrine glands
45
``` Simple Columnar (Organization, function, location) ```
Single tall layer of cells Specialized for secretion and absorption Often have microvilli & goblet cells (which form mucus) Found in: Most of digestive tract lining
46
``` Pseudostratisfied Columnar (Organization, function, location) ```
Single layer Some cells don't reach apical surface Numerous goblet cells and cilia in some types Specialized to secrete and conduct objects along Found in: Lining in the respiratory tract
47
Stratisfied Squamos | Detailed
Multilayered with squamous cells near free surface Resists abrasion Found in: Esophagus Skin (with cornified layer)
48
Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar | Detailed
Rare Found in: Large ducts of some glands Male Urethra
49
Transitional | Detailed
Modified stratified squamous cells Allow stretching or "distention" Found in: Ureters Bladder Upper urethra
50
Glandular Epithelia
All specialized cells that produce something | Ex: hormones
51
Glands
One or more cells that synthesize and release chemical products Products stored in membranous secretory glanules Can be unicellular, exocrine, or endocrine
52
Formation
From epithelial cells that proliferate and penetrate adjacent connective tissue Sheet-like morphology is obscured
53
Types of Glandular Epithelia
Unicellular glands Exocrine glands Endocrine glands
54
Unicellular glands
Goblet cells (mucus-secreting epithelial glands situated in columnar epithelium) Found in: Surface linings of intestinal tract Parts of tracheobronchial tree
55
Exocrine glands
Secrete their products onto a surface through epithelial ductwork Secrete products through ducts to specific regions Appear like grapes Have secretory portion of cells that release product Simple glands have one duct and may be: tubular, coiled, branched, or acinar Compound glands have repeated branching and may be tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar Ex: salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands
56
Endocrine glands
Connection to free surface is obliterated during development Without ducts Secrete products to general blood circulation through capillary networks within the glands Products are hormones and one certain cells/organs are receptive to them Ex: insulin-secreting cells of pancreas
57
Types of Secretion in Exocrine Glands
Merocrine Aporcrine Holocrine
58
Merocrine
Forms secretory granules within the epithelial cell The granules leave the cell via exocytosis Epithelial cell remains intact Most common mechanism of secretion: found in pancreases, salivary glands
59
Apocrine
Product expelled with some apical cytoplasm but cell repairs itself afterward Found in: Mammary glands
60
Holocrine
Product expelled with entire cell while cell undergoes programmed cell death Both secretory and cell fragments expelled into lumen of gland Cell replaced later Found in sebaceous glands of the skin
61
Mucous secretions
Viscous Slimy Water-soluble Secreted by: goblet cells secretory cells of most salivary glands surface epithelial cells of GI tract
62
Serous secretions
Protein secretions Found in: Pancreas Parotid gland

Pathology I (9 decks)

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