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Pathology I > Tissues: Structure & Function > Flashcards

Tissues: Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissues

A

Formed by many cells that act together to perform a comprehensive function.
Have varied structure and functions

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2
Q

Organs

A

Two or more tissue types that combine

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3
Q

Four tissue types

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Nervous
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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4
Q

Epithelial tissues

A 
Act as selective barrier
Absorption function
Covering function
Secretes mucus
Avascular (relies on CT vascularly)
> Named for size and shape
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5
Q

Muscle tissues

A

Specialized to contract

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6
Q

Connective tissues

A

> Mostly referring to fibrous types
Underlies and anchors the epithelial tissues
Found in the skin (dermis)
Surrounds and supports internal epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues
All fibrous CT contain collagen in extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Function of connective tissues

A 
SUPPORT
Underly and anchor tissue
Connect
Protect (physical barrier, sometimes to prevent infection spreading)
Structural connections
Provide nutrients
Immune function
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8
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Components include:
Cells, fibers, & ground substance
Composed mainly of extracellular matrix (fibers & g.s.)
Highly vascular (except cartilage)

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9
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

Has more collagen type I than anything else
All have collagen in the extracellular matrix
Contains fibers in it’s extracellular matrix
Two basic types: dense & loose

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10
Q

Specialized connective tissues (types)

A 
Elastic tissue
Hematopoietic tissues (lymphatic, myeloid)
Mucous tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
Articular cartilage
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11
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Complex structure that includes fibrous proteins, proteoglycans (g.s.) and glycoproteins.
Contains fibroblasts that bind to elements of the g.s. and glycoproteins
“All of the stuff that CT make” - depends on each type functionality

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12
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produces collagen and other fibers

Binds to elements of the g.s. and glycoproteins, such as laminin and fibronectin

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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A sugar protein compound
Function: structure & binding cells to framework
(usually end in suffix -nectin)

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14
Q

Ground substance

A

Helps make up extracellular matrix
Mix of proteoglycans that are formed by a large protein molecule that bonds to a glycosaminoglycan (GAG).
Proteoglycans can swell with water (they’re hydrophilic) and attract ions.
Structure is viscous (very important) and acts as a chemical and physical barrier

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15
Q

GAG’s

A

Glycosaminoglycan’s
Highly negatively charged, provide the incentive for a proteoglycan to attract water.
Hydrophilic and swell
ex: Hyaluronic acid, is a specific GAG.

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16
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

A specific type of GAG.
Found in hyaline cartilage
When bound to a protein to form a proteoglycan, is particularly hydrophilic and gives hyaline cartilage g.s. it’s great ability to withstand compression without inhibiting flexibility.

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17
Q

Fibers/Fiber proteins

A

Help make up extracellular matrix
Long, slender protein polymers
3 main types: collagen, reticular, elastic

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18
Q

Collagen

A

Varies in mechanical properties
Great at resisting tension!
5 Types

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19
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Especially thin and often form a net-like mesh network
Produced by fibroblasts
Found in/around structures subject to shape change (abdominal organs)
Provide supporting framework for tissue or organ
Consist of Collagen Type III fibrils
Support lymphatic organs

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20
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Made of elastin
Found in varying amounts in different CT
Can stretch up to 150% their resting length
Respond to stretch and distention without losing shape
Organized in sheets
Produced by fibroblasts
Consist of central core of protein elastin (dense concentrations are in walls of large arteries) and glycoprotein fibrillin
Found: Very dense in artery walls, ligaments of spinal column, and laryngeal cartilages.

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21
Q

Types of Collagen

A

5 Types of Collagen:

Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V

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22
Q

Type I Collagen

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A

Most abundant type
Forms fibers
Found in CT proper, bone, dentin, tendons, and organ capsules
Responsible for preventing fractures bone

23
Q

Type II Collagen

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A

Exists as thin fibrils
Resists tension, but fibril diameter is small!
Found in hyaline and elastic cartilage

24
Q

Type III Collagen

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A

Mainly found in reticular fibers

Good in organizing deformation (like a sponge, forms an interlocking maze but will return to form)

25
Cellular components of CT
``` Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast Cells Plasma Cells Leukocytes Adipose cells ```
26
Fibroblast
Most common type of cell in CT Makes collagen plus both elastic & reticular fibers Make carbohydrates found in g.s. AND secreting most other components into extracellular matrix Found: in ligaments, dermis,
27
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells derived from monocytes | They can act defensive (phagocytosis of bacteria) or normal (phagocytosis of cell debris)
28
Mast cells
Cells are filled with granules Stored in mediators of inflammatory response Release of their granules results in hypersensitivity, allergy, and anaphylaxis Primary substances found in mast cells: Histamine & Heparin
29
Plasma cells
Found in loose connective tissue where antigens tend to enter the body (primary GI & respiratory tracts) Produces only type of protein (one specific antibody)
30
Leukocytes
White blood cells; Consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Type depends on location in body
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Adipose cells
Specialized CT tissue cells that store fat | Found in loose CT
32
Histamine
Found in mast cells increases permeability of small blood vessels Causes edema in surrounding tissue Increases mucus production (bronchi) Triggers smooth muscle contraction in pulmonary airway
33
Heparin
Found in mast cells | Is an anticoagulant
34
``` Loose CT Generally Location Components Characteristics ```
"Areolar" tissue Most common type of CT cells - everywhere! Found in dermis, hypodermis, around blood vessels and serous linings. Contains fibroblasts & macrophages, Contains collagen types, elastic fibers & reticular fibers Fluid g.s.; most fluid Flexible but not resistant to injury (has more elastic fibers than dense) Well vascularized and may contain adipose cells Have sites of microvasculature Sub category of CT Proper
35
Hypodermis
Fatty layer deep to the skin
36
Dense CT | Generally
Not flexible, but better at resisting injury Lots of type I collagen, that is BUNDLED Good amount of elastic fibers, not much reticular Sub category of CT Proper
37
Dense Regular CT
``` Lots of parallel-arranged bundles, tightly packed, running in same direction Extremely resistant to tension Occurs in sheets, bands, or cords Heavily eosinophilic Ex: tendons, ligaments ```
38
Dense Irregular CT
Collagen fibers arranged in bundles, but not organized in particular direction Resists stresses in all directions, good at resting shear Found in dermis, periosteum & perichondrium, & organ capsules
39
Elastic CT
Another type of fibrous CT Relatively rare by itself (lig. nuchae) but often mixed with other tissues Elasticity Ex: tunica media
40
Reticular CT
Another type of fibrous CT Provides stable framework (stroma) within organs; Ex: parenchyma mixed within meshwork
41
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone | Very dense collagen bundles with heavy concentrations of fibroblasts
42
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone | Very similar to tendons but the collagen bundles are more randomly arranged
43
"Primative"
not very advanced | can refer to cells, embryo, etc.
44
Mesenchyme
product is very watery some primitive CT tissue with interstitial fluid appears like scattered slender star-shaped cells
45
Cartilage
type of CT still fibrous internally functions to resist tension/forces
46
Inflammation
Occurs in fascia CT compartmentalizes to minimize effect Sets the stage for repair
47
Myofibroblasts
Sub group of fibroblasts have contractile properties specialized to act during wound contraction (healing)
48
Monocytes
Bloods cells that migrate from the blood stream into CT | Give rise to macrophages
49
Neutrophils
Most popular type of WBC Functions: Bacterial defense, acute inflammation, some clean up. Found in dermis,
50
Basophils
Type of WBC Act similar to mast cells Circulate and occasionally migrate out
51
Lymphocytes
Type of WBS Two types: T Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes
52
Appearance of Loose CT
*picture A scattered view of cells Thick collagen fibers, wavy elastic fibers, mast cells Grossly appears as web of fibers
53
Basic function of Loose CT
Supportive | Also, nutritive, protective

Pathology I (9 decks)

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