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Pathology I > Surface Membrane & Connective Tissue Support > Flashcards

Surface Membrane & Connective Tissue Support Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A 
Highly regenerative
Avascular
Highly innervated
Almost always associated with CT
Immediately adjacent to basal surface
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2
Q

Surface Membranes

Major Function

A

Physical barrier!

First line of defense

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3
Q

Physical barriers

Function and examples

A

Non-specific means of defense
Impede damage by “sealing it off” from environment
Regulate how other tissues communicate with foreign matierial

Ex:
Epidermis of skin
Mucous membranes
Cellular secretions (tears, earwax, mucus, stomach acid)

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4
Q

Physical barriers

Trade offs

A

Any membrane can be considered a coating, which leaves tissues/organs vulnerable if exposed
Some are more mechanically protective (based on thickness)
Thick membranes may secrete, but then don’t likely absorb well
If they actively pump substances, may have ample cytoplasm

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5
Q

Order of defense

A

Physical barrier
Cells in CT
…
Immune system

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6
Q

The environment is…

A

both outside and within us

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7
Q

If entirely passive transport occurs, what type of epithelia is it?

A

Simple Squamos Epithelium

Ex: capillaries

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8
Q

Non-specific means of defense

A

Occurs before immune system is activated.
1 - surface membrane
2 - white blood cells
3 - lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are the main cellular components of the immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

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10
Q

Neutrophils

Overview

A

Non-specific, even if they specialize in some functions

Respond to inflammatory insult
Capable of phagocytosis of bacteria
Cellular means of defense

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11
Q

Innate immune system

A

Includes neutrophils and other leucocytes

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12
Q

Neutrophils

Actions

A

“Bacteria specialists”
Produce signals that augment repair
Rich source of prostaglandin (to facilitate mucosal repair)
Circulate in blood
Normally most numerous of leukocytes in CT & epithelia

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13
Q

Basement membrane components

A

Basil lamina and reticular lamina

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14
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Targeted activity of lymphocytes

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15
Q

CT

General

A

Very broad tissue category in micro-anatomy

Physically tough

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16
Q

Types of CT

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Soft (adipose)
Fluid (blood)
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17
Q

General functions of CT

A

Structure
Metabolic
Immune defense

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18
Q

Mechanical functions of CT

A

Provide support to body

Facilitate movement

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19
Q

Metabolic functions of CT

A

Most CT is very vascular, but blood is avascular.

Metabolic needs are borne by blood vessels within the supporting CT

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20
Q

Defense functions of cT

A

Contain many blood vessels specialized for defense
Cells are capable of migrating into CT
Cells patrol the regions deep to epithelial boundaries

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21
Q

The integument layers

A

Three:
Outermost - Physical barrier
Outer layer - Epidermis
Inner layer - Dermis

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22
Q

Outermost physical barrier

Definition

A

Most external boundary between internal and environment
Protective
Serves as site of absorption, excretion, or sensory output and uptake

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23
Q

Outermost physical barrier

A

Composed of epidermis and dermis
Papillae present at junction between layers

Two categories of thickness:
Thick
Thin

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24
Q

Papillae

A

Projections of the dermis at the junction between layers

Help the adherence (distribute tension) to epidermis

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25
Thick skin
Rougher Smooth (except for ridges like fingerprints) Hairless Ex: palms, soles of feet
26
Thin skin
``` Hairy Found elsewhere (not palms or soles of feet) ```
27
Epidermis | Characteristics & type
Outer layer Epithelial component Avascular Has cell types within Has five layers, deep to superficial Stratisfied squamous epithelium
28
Dermis
Connective tissue component Has many cell types (fibroblasts, fat cells, smooth muscle cells) Highly vascular Resilient leather or hide Has two layers: papillary and reticular
29
Protective characteristics of Epidermis
High degree stratification Phagocyte Cellular products Dead surface layer
30
Cells types of Epidermis
Keratinocytes Melanocytes Merkel cells Langerhans cells
31
Keratinocytes
Manufacture keratin
32
Melanocytes
Contain pigments | Gives skin it's color
33
Merkel cells
Present in small numbers Located at epidermal - dermal junction Flat bottomed discs Directly communicate with afferent (sensory) nerve endings Merkel discs = light pressure mechanoreceptors
34
Langerhan's cells
Macrophages 2-8% of epidermal population Derived from bone marrow Can bind antigens for presentation to T-cells
35
Keratin
``` A tough waterproof protein Manufactured by keratinocytes Forms basis for: Outer epidermis Nails Hair ```
36
Five layers of the Epidermis
``` Deep to Superficial: Stratum Basale Straum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum ```
37
Stratum Basale
Deepest layer of epidermis Germinativum Cells which divide and multiply The source of cells for more superficial layers Mostly keratinocytes and melanocytes Numerous desmosomes bind cells to one another
38
Straum Spinosum
Above the stratum basale of epidermis Maturing cells Spiny in preparation due to shrinkage while desmosomes hold Has tension-resistant protein filaments Langerhans cells migrate in from bone marrow (act as macrophages) Has Malpighian layer
39
Stratum Granulosum
Above the stratus spinosum of epidermis Cells contain keratohyalin granules (basophilic) Cells above this layer are relatively nutrient starved (aka dead)
40
Stratum Lucidum
``` Above the stratum lucidum of epidermis Dead cells which had produced keratin fibrils from keratohyalin and filaments fill the cells No organelles are seen Desmosomes still seen Can be absent or the thinnest Appear lucid or clear ```
41
Stratum Corneum
Most superficial layer of epidermis Layer of dead keratinocytes and glycolipid Usually 15-20 cells thick (can be up to 30) Keratin fills the cells - serves to protect and insulate Cells are cornified Thinner layer then stratum lucidum
42
Malpighian layer
Consists of the stratum basale and spinosum | The ONLY area of mitoses (active cell sites)
43
Keratohyalin granules (basophilic)
Important components of keratin and lamellar granules Act to conserve moisture Act as barrier against antigens
44
Sensory structures in dermis
Meissner's corpuscles | Pacinian corpuscles
45
Meissner's corpuscles
Sensory structure in dermis Located in dermal papillae of hairless skin Function as mechanoreceptors for light pressure, discriminant touch (rolling of fingertips) Especially fingertips, eyelids, nipples, external genitalia
46
Pacinian corpuscles
Sensory structure in dermis Located in subcutaneous tissue of skin Function as mechanoreceptors for deep pressure, stretch Most abundant in fingers, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples
47
Loose CT vs. Dense CT
Loose: more superficial, has more cells here Dense: irregular, dense, has collagen bundles, deeper!
48
Early phases of healing in epidermis and skin | Microscopic view
First will notice inflammation then black dots (white blood cells)
49
Two layers of dermis
Papillary layer | Reticular layer
50
Hypodermis
``` Deeper tissue to the dermis NOT part of integument Loose CT Adipose tissue Capillary bed sources are here ```
51
Papillary layer
``` One of two layers in dermis Most superficial Thin Dermal papillae which project into stratum basale Contains blood vessels Nerve endings Lymphatics (loose CT, most vascular) ```
52
Reticular layer
``` One of two layers in dermis Deeper Thicker Thick collagen Elastic fiber bundles Contains sweat glands Contains hair follicles ```
53
Where are hair follicles formed?
Epidermis
54
What are the keratin derivatives?
Hair | Nails
55
Hair
Keratinized cells Produced by hair follicles Hair root shafts consist of central medulla & outer cuticle Initially fine and androgen influence at puberty
56
Nails
Hardened modifications of epidermis | Nail matrix is actively growing region
57
Melanin
Produces hair color
58
Hair follicles
``` Consist of inner epidermal root sheaths Enclose matrixes Well vascularized Innervated Arrector pili muscles Pull follicles to upright position (goose bumps) ```
59
What muscles produce goose bumps?
Arrector pili muscles | Pull follicles to upright position (goose bumps)
60
Factors reflecting hair thinning
Follicular resting pds Age related follicle atrophy Genetics
61
Glands in dermis
``` Sebaceous Eccrine Apocrine Scent and wax Mammary ```
62
Sebaceous glands
Glands in dermis Usually opening onto hair follicles Secrete sebum (waxy secretions) Not found on palm or sole of feet
63
Eccrine glands
Glands in dermis Coiled Allow for thermoregulation
64
Apocrine sweat glands
Glands in dermis More thick and odorous secretion than eccrine glands Release waste
65
Scent and wax glands
Modified apocrine glands
66
Mammary glands
Modified sweat glands
67
Mucosae Organization Similarity to Integument
Include: Epithelial part AND connective tissue deep to it Similar to integument (Skin = epidermis & dermis) (Mucosae = surface membrane and CT support)
68
Mucosae | Functions
Protection (similar to physical barrier) Communicative (may be sensory, may produce secretions) Can be specialized in other ways (absorption, digestion) Defense (like gut associated lymphoid tissue)
69
Mucosae | Components
Mucosal Membrane | Lamina Propria
70
Mucosal membrane
Component of mucosae | Epithelium, varied specialization
71
Lamina Propria
``` Component of mucosae Connective tissue support Loose CT Provides blood supply to surface membrane May overlie deeper CT ```
72
Sinus
Can refer to various components, can be: Pockets within bones Also depressions in dura to allow blood flow Spaces

Pathology I (9 decks)

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