Introduction Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Pathology
A
Study of disease, based on dysfunctions in the body
Norms vs. challenges
2
Q
Disease
A
Abnormal structural or functional change in the body. Very multi-faceted
3
Q
Organic
A
Structural; actual body parts
4
Q
Inorganic
A
Functional; processes, psychological, etc.
5
Q
Signs
A
Objective findings.
Can be noted by clinician using senses.
Ex: limited ROM, tightness, brusing
6
Q
Symptoms
A
Subjective complaints.
Cannot be noted by clinician.
Ex: Pain, limited skill
7
Q
Etiology
A
Cause
8
Q
Diagnosis
A
Assigning a name to a condition
9
Q
Pathogenesis
A
Sequence of events in which a disease develops
10
Q
Syndrome
A
Collection of signs and symptoms that tend to run together
11
Q
Prognosis
A
Guess as to outcome of a disease.
Ex: Is there treatment?
12
Q
Endogenous
A
Caused by something internal (to the body)
13
Q
Exogenous
A
Caused by something external (to the body)
14
Q
Latrogenic
A
Caused by medical care
15
Q
Idiopathic
A
Unknown
16
Q
Incidence
A
of diagnoses in a given time period.
Typically per 100,000
a.k.a. Prevalence (total # seen overall)
17
Q
Mortality
A
of deaths in a given period of time
18
Q
Risk factors
A
Factors present that increase the risk of developing a condition.
Doesn’t mean that if present, they will develop a condition, but it does increase the risk.
19
Q
Modifiable R.F.
A
Risk factors that can be changed
20
Q
Non-Modifiable R.F.
A
Risk factors that can’t be changed
21
Q
Why do we develop disease?
A
Something goes wrong in cells.
Results in loss of homeostatic function of cell.
22
Q
Cell
A
Structural and functional unit of the body
23
Q
Organization of cells in body
A
Cells > Tissues > Organs > Systems > Organism
24
Q
Basic structure of cell
A
Nucleus
Organelles
Cell membrane
25
Nucleus
Contains genetic material
| Directs function of cell
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Organelles
Carry out functions
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Cell membrane
Selective entry and exit of substances
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Types of disease
1. Organic disease
| 2. Non-Organic disease
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Organic disease
a.k.a. Structural disease
Involves lesions
*major content for our course
30
Non-Organic disease
a.k.a. Functional disease
| No discernable lesions
31
Genetic & Developmental
Structural disease
Abnormality in genetic makeup (ex: cancer)
Conditions due to factors in utero
Conditions occurring later in life as a result of changes caused by genes.
32
Inflammatory
Structural disease
Caused by any agent (internal or external) that evokes inflammatory response.
Internal-vascular or immunologic responses.
33
Degenerative
Structural disease
Degeneration or breakdown of parts over time.
Frequently due to aging
34
Metabolic
Structural disease
Abnormalities in cells' ability to process or utilize substances.
Deficiencies or changes/imbalances
Ex: endocrine dysfunctions, electrolyte imbalances, enzyme deficiencies
35
Neoplastic & Types
Structural disease
Abnormal cell growth and reproduction
Benign - generally non spreading and non-harmful.
Malignant - generally spreading and harmful
36
Types of Structural Diseases
1. Genetic & Developmental
2. Inflammatory
3. Degenerative
4. Metabolic
5. Neoplastic
6. Idiopathic
37
Benign
Neoplastic disease type.
| Generally non spreading and non-harmful.
38
Malignant
Neoplastic disease type.
| Generally spreading and harmful
39
Idiopathic
Structural disease
| Unknown causes
40
How are conditions diagnosed?
1. Subjective history
2. Physical examinations
3. Clinical tests or procedures
41
Subjective history
First step in diagnosing conditions
Sx
History of the individual
42
Physical examination
Second step in diagnosing conditions
Observation of signs
Noted using senses
43
Clinical tests or procedures
Third step in diagnosing conditions
| Invasive or Non-Invasive
44
Clinical lab tests
```
Blood
Enzymes
Gases
Metabolic byproducts
Urine
CSF
Saliva
```
45
Blood tests
```
Can look for:
Blood cells (type, number)
Presences or absence of substances
Enzymes (from various organs, tissues)
Excretion of substances (metabolic byproducts)
Gases (O2, CO2)
```
46
Fluid analysis tests
Urine
CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
Saliva
47
Cytology/Histology
Diagnostic procedure
Tissue sampling
Ex: needle biopsy, excisions biopsy, resection
48
Visualization procedures
Direct observation
Radiologic procedures
Endoscopy
49
Direct observation
Part of overall clinical picture
| May provide diagnosis in some cases
50
Radiologic procedure types
```
X-ray
CT (CAT)
MRI
Radionuclide studies
Angiography
US (ultrasound)
PET
```
51
X-ray Scans
X-rays pass into body, either pass through or absorbed by tissue
Rays pass through expose white x-ray film
Higher density tissue = appears white (bone)
Lower density tissue = appears dark (muscle)
*Can see some soft tissues based on gradient
52
X-rays
| Advantages & Disadvantages
```
Limitations:
2-D image
Superimposition of skeletal components
Less accurate soft tissue assessment
Advantages:
Cheap
```
53
X-rays soft tissue visibility
Low resolution, but generally can note shapes
Ex: joints, cartilage, discs
Linings of hollow tubes or organs
*Need to administer contrast medium
Ex: intestines, urinary tract, angiogram, etc.
54
IVP
Intravenous pyelogram
| The use of dye on an x-ray to see soft tissue
55
MBS
Modified barium swallow. Usually put in food that is eaten.
| Used by speech therapy
56
CT Scans
CAT scans
Computerized axial tomography
X-ray tube on movable frame surrounding patient.
Series of x-rays taken & fed into computer.
These are cross sectional images
Can view any plane, 3D images are less common
57
CT Scans
| Advantages & Disadvantages
```
Advantages:
Can view on any plan
Can image osseous or non-osseous structures
Better resolution of soft tissue than x-rays
Sharp resolution
Can offer 3D image
Limitations:
Expensive
```
58
MR Scans
MRI or magnetic resonance imaging
Patient put in strong magnetic field
Bodies protons align in field
Pulse of radio waves directed at patient, dislodges protons and makes them wobble
Wobbling protons emit signal when realigning > signal is converted by computer into image
59
MR Scans
| Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
Give the BEST results!
Good resolution & contrast of soft tissues (with high water content)
Different forms can focus on various tissues
Can scroll for 3D relationships
Limitations:
Magnetic field is an issue for some patients (metal)
Expensive
Loud and you have to stay very still
60
Radioisotope Studies
Radionuclide studies
Administer radioactive substance
Measure uptake and excretion
Ex: Nuclear bone scans
61
Angiography
Contrast dye injected into vessels
Image shows blood flow (vasculature)
Looks for blockages
Also called "angiogram, arteriogram, venogram"
Can be done with X-ray, CT, MRI (called MRA)
62
US
Ultrasound
High frequency sound waves in the body are reflected by tissues.
Bounce back to machine and convert into image
63
PET Scan
Positron emission tomography
Radioactive substance introduced into a metabolically-active molecule (glucose)
Metabolically active areas light up
Ex: abnormal glucose metabolism indicative of seizures
64
Endoscopy
Visual examination with fiberoptic scope
Can look at upper and lower GI tracts, broncho (lungs), cystoscopic (bladder), laparoscopic (abdominal wall), arthroscopic (joints), etc.
65
Electrical activity diagnostic procedures
EEG, ECG, EMG
| Looks at electrical activity in the brain, tissue, muscle, etc.
66
EMG
Electromyography
| Electrodes superficially on muscle, attached to a biofeedback unit indicates activation of muscle in clinic
67
Mortality
| What kills people in the US?
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer (CA)
3. Stroke (CVA)
4. Accidents
5. COPD (lung disease)
68
Mortality
| Attributions in the US
OVER 50% of deaths are attributed to behavioral & lifestyle factors.
Majority are PREVENTABLE with modification (i.e. diet and exercise)
*We spend more time with patients than any other medical professional
69
Impact PT's can have on mortality
*We spend more time with patients than any other medical professional - we can influence these modifiable factors that attribute to mortality
70
WHO
World Health Organization
The standard for many classifications
Created the ICF Disablement Model
71
ICF disablement model
```
Very basic, but powerful
Focuses on the biopsychosocial approach
Has the following categories:
Health condition (disorder or disease)
BFS (body functions and structures)
Activity
Participation
Environmental factors
Personal factors
```
72
How does the ICF affect PT's?
Determines where we jump in at - participation, environment, treating the BFS, etc.
73
BFS
Body function and structures
| Physiological functions of body systems and anatomical parts of the body
74
Activity limitations
Difficulties an individual may have executing activities. Limitations are measured mild to severe.
75
Participation restriction
Problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations. Measured against societal standards.
*Social distinction
76
Disability
Umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions
77
Contextual factors
Environmental and Personal
78
Types of disease prevention
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
79
Primary prevention
Identify risk factors, introduce diet, exercise, stress management, etc. = Education!
Removing or reducing R.F.'s
80
Secondary prevention
Promoting early detection and intervention of disease (to prevent further complications)
Disease is present, but goal is to keep at lowest level.
81
Tertiary prevention
Limiting the impact of the disease.
Decrease the degree of disability and promote rehab and restoration of function in patients with chronic and irreversible diseases.
Disease is in full swing.
Try to keep patient functional, independent, mobile, etc.
82
APTA's roles of physical therapists
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Examination - data collection
Evaluation - clinical judgement
Diagnosis - PT diagnosis
Prognosis - PT prognosis
Intervention
Outcomes assessment
```
83
Differential diagnosis
Being able to recognize symptoms and signs of other diagnoses. Medical screening and medical referrals may be needed.
84
PT Contraindications
May require temporal deferral of prescription session or discontinuance (d/c).
May require new order or new assessment.
Worsening of condition, known signs/symptoms
Onset of new signs/symptoms
Unstable, worsening, or fluctuating medical status
New diagnosis
85
What do PT's treat?
The patient, NOT the disease or pathology.
