Flashcards in EQ3 ; Water insecurity ; causes Deck (15)
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1
Water insecurity
the capacity for a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities and qualities of water for sustaining livelihoods , human well being and socio economic development.
2
water scarcity
an imbalance between supply and demand , water resources are below 1000 m^3 per capita.
- has 2 strands ; physical and economic.
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Difference between physical and economic water scarcity
physical - insufficient water to meet demand determined by physical factors like climate.
economic - people can't afford water even when it's available, determined by human, institutional and financial capital limit access to water despite sufficiency.
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FEATURES OF WATER INSECURITY ;
What is the key feature of water insecurity?
growing mismatch between water supply and demand has led to a global pattern of water stress and water scarcity.
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FEATURES OF WATER INSECURITY;
Explain the World water gap
- rapid pop,. growth in urban areas with limited supply of water + uneven distribution of global supply + deterioration of water supply = water insecurity
- Creates water availability gap between developing and wealthy nations.
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12% of the worlds population consumes how much water ?
12% consumes 85% of the worlds water.
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in 2015 what did the UN predict?
- a 55% increase in the demand for water, with a water gap 40% short in supply could exist by 2030.
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CAUSES OF WATER INSECURITY :
name 4 causes of physical water insecurity
- climate variability
- salt water encroachment on coats
- natural flooding
- evapotranspiration
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CAUSES OF WATER INSECURITY :
name 4 causes of human water insecurity
- over-abstraction from rivers, lakes and groundwater aquifers
- water contamination from agriculture.
- industrial water pollution
- privatisation of water
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state 3 aspects of development which increase the demand for water.
- increasing population and urbanisation - with projected 55% increase in demand by 2030 , leaving the world 40% short in supply.
- improving living standards
- agriculture - 70% of water developing countries consumed.
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PHYSICAL CAUSES OF WATER INSECURITY :
give stats to support argument that climate variability contributes .
- climate affect distribution of global water supply
- equatorial regions having highest total volume = water secure
- increase variability due to short term climate change = affects runoff, aquifer recharge and water quality
- 66% of the world live in areas receiving 25% of world's rainfall.
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HUMAN CAUSES OF WATER INSECURITY :
agricultural contamination and over abstraction
- global green revolution approach increased agri. prod. worldwide in late 1960's , increase reliance by farmers on water polluting chemicals from pesticides to fertilisers for productivity = eutrophication = ecological damage
- nearly 90% of India's groundwater is extracted for irrigation in agri. and 2/3rds pop. directly dependent on agri.
- India avg GDP growth at 6% and has 3rd PPP in world/.
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HUMAN CAUSES OF WATER INSECURITY :
Industrial water pollution
- = untreated sewage and urban runoff and high vol of waste water.
- dumping of toxic pollutants like asbestos and lead, oils don't dissolve in water = disrupts marine ecosystems
- developing countries suffer the most with an estimated 905 of waste water produced discharged directly into rivers = water borne dis.
- china dumps ovr 40 % of it's sewerage and industrial waste into the Yangtze every year.
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FUTURE PROJECTIONS IN WATER SCARCITY :
el nino patterns and projections
- more recently super el niño's that have broken average temperature records have been occurring and are projected to increase in intensity and duration as global temps rise.
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