Engineering > Ergonomics Final Exam > Flashcards

Ergonomics Final Exam Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles about every two years.

A

Moore’s Law

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2
Q

Displays and controls combined to support goal-directed behavior.

A

Interface Design

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3
Q

Extended sequence of perception/action cycles over time.

A

Interaction Design

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4
Q

Overall relationship with product and company (packaging, installation, maintenance, hardware, software).

A

Experience Design

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5
Q

The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.

A

Universal Design

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6
Q

Potential mismatch between user’s intentions and actions supported by the system.

A

Gulf of Execution

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7
Q

Interface objects that mimic their real-world counterparts in how they appear or how the user can interact with them.

A

Skeuomorphs

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8
Q

A machine that performs a task that is otherwise performed by a person, or has never been performed before.

A

Automation

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9
Q

Occurs when reliability is perceived as lower than reality.

A

Mistrust

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10
Q

Reliability is perceived as higher than reality.

A

Overtrust

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11
Q

The capability of a computer system to mimic human cognitive functions such as learning and problem solving.

A

Artificial Intelligence

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12
Q

The process of using mathematical models of data to help a computer learn without direct instruction.

A

Machine Learning

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13
Q

The scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body.

A

Anthopometry

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14
Q

Calculates the different parts of a job and calculates a risk score.

A

Ergonomic Job Measurement System

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15
Q

Who do we design access for?

A

Big People

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16
Q

Who do we design lifting for?

A

Weak People

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17
Q

Who do we design handle length and grip for?

A

Big Hands

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18
Q

Who do we design upper reach limit for?

A

Short People

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19
Q

Who do we design lower lifting limit for?

A

Tall People

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20
Q

Who do we design push/pull strength limit for?

A

Weak People

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21
Q

Focused on reducing the risk of low back injuries associated with manual material handling.

A

Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation

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22
Q

The weight of the load that nearly all healthy workers could perform up to 8 hours without an increased risk of developing lifting related injuries.

A

Recommended Weight Limit

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23
Q

Midpoint of hands to midpoint between ankles.

A

Horizontal Multiplier

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24
Q

Midpoint of hands to floor.

A

Vertical Multiplier

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25
Change in vertical height of user's hands while lifting.
Travel Distance
26
Lumbar twisting.
Angle of Asymmetry
27
Lifts per minute.
Frequency Multiplier
28
Type of grip.
Coupling Multiplier
29
Human body system that produces and maintains postures, as well as regulates body temperature.
Musculoskeletal System
30
Two or more bones linked together.
Joint
31
Joints that are moveable and surrounded by fluid.
Synovial Joint
32
Skull joints.
Fibrous Joints
33
Disc joints.
Cartilaginous Joints
34
Shortening contraction.
Concentrically
35
Lengthening contraction.
Eccentrically
36
Static contraction.
Isometrically
37
Mathematical models of the mechanical properties of the human body.
Biomechanical Modeling
38
Disorders of the soft tissues in the upper extremities, including fingers, hands, wrist, arms, elbows, and shoulders.
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
39
Repeated long-term use of vibrating hand tools causes tingling or pain when hands are exposed to the cold.
Raynaud's Phenomenon
40
Results from median nerve being compressed by adjacent swollen tissues.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
41
Tendon irritation caused by repeated forceful wrist activities.
Tennis Elbow
42
Fast and repetitive arm movements causing shoulder pain.
Rotator Cuff Irritation
43
Used for elbow, hand/wrist, and finger task analysis.
Moore and Garg Strain Index
44
Muscle type that's the heart's muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
45
Muscle type attached to bones for movement.
Skeletal Muscle
46
Muscle type found in stomach, intestines, and blood vessels.
Smooth Muscle
47
Amount of air breathed per breath.
Tidal Volume
48
Carries blood away from the heart.
Arteries
49
Carries blood to the heart.
Veins
50
CO2 rich blood flows from right ventricle via pulmonary artery, to lungs, to be oxygenated then is moved to left atrium and left ventricle to be pumped thru out the body.
Pulmonary Circulation
51
Blood fresh with oxygen flows out of the left ventricle via arteries, returning by veins to right atrium.
Systemic Circulation
52
Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle to body.
Cardiac Output
53
Amount of blood per beat.
Stroke Volume
54
The breakdown of starch or sugar molecules to lactic and pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Glycolysis
55
The breakdown of carbohydrates and free fatty acids to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic Repiration
56
Energy expenditure measured in kilocalories per minute.
Calories
57
Lowest level of energy expenditure needed to maintain life.
Basal Metabolism
58
The maximum force one's muscles can exert decreases exponentially from the time one begins continuously exerting the force.
Rohmert's Law
59
The relative longer-term effects of internal and external stimuli on the mental and physical status of a person.
Stress
60
Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. When levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
61
Focus on one stimulus.
Perceptual Tunneling
62
Focus on one hypothesis.
Cognitive Tunneling
63
The mental demand when a user carries out a task.
Workload
64
Measures of the system performance on the task of interest.
Primary Task Measurement
65
How well/long a person does an additional task and can be a measure of spare capacity.
Secondary Task Measurement
66
Assessment tool that rates perceived workload in order to assess a task, system, or a team's effectiveness.
NASA Task Load Index
67
A state of muscles and central nervous system in which prolonged physical or mental processing, in the absence of sufficient rest, leads to a state of insufficient capacity or energy.
Fatigue
68
Internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours.
Circadian Rhythm
69
Potential source of harm.
Hazard
70
Hazard probability of occurence.
Risk
71
Immediate, short-term, high concentration exposure.
Acute Exposure
72
Delayed, continuous exposure.
Chronic Exposure
73
Technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur.
Job Hazard Analysis
74
Displays cause and effect in the context of continuous improvement of industrial processes.
Fishbone Diagrams
75
A thorough analysis of the duties or behaviors that define a job.
Job Analysis
76
The written principal product of a job analysis.
Job Description
77
A written explanation of the knowledge, skills, abilities, traits, and other characteristics necessary for effective performance on a given job.
Job Specification
78
Focuses on identifying job specifications.
Task Analysis
79
Simplifying and standardizing tasks, and promoting specialization enables people to become very good at a narrowly defined job.
Taylorism
80
Adding tasks to see more complete unit.
Horizontal Job Enlargement
81
Increases skills and adds variety.
Job Rotation
82
Giving worker greater information and autonomy regarding timing, methods, and process to complete tasks.
Vertical Job Enrichment
83
Training approach that assumes that information and training activities should be provided on an as-needed basis.
Performance Support
84
An object's properties that show the possible actions users can take wit hit.
Affordances
85
How well learning in one environment, enhances performance in another.
Transfer of Training
86
Learning in one environment interferes with performance in the other.
Negative Transfer
87
How much the external environment introduces unexpected disturbances.
Openness
88
Degree of slack in the system.
Coupling
89
Number of feedback loops, interconnected subsystems, and invisible unexpected interactions.
Complexity
90
Particular type of team that manages some type of technology.
Crew
91
Pressure to conform with majority.
Groupthink
92
An approach to ergonomics that examines any given work system from a broad perspective in which all of its various elements are given due consideration.
Macroergonomics
93
A process of solving ergonomic problems that involves the collaboration of the workers as well as the input from other stakeholders.
Participatory Ergonomics
94
A set of statistical methods for systemically analyzing processes to reduce process variation.
6 Sigma

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